The National Security Council

The National Security Council was instituted under the aegis of the 1947 National Security Act (Public Law 235 – 61 Stat. 496; U.S.C. 402 n.d.). It was subsequently modified   by the 1949 National Security Act Amendments, which made it a component of the US President’s Executive Office (63 Stat. 579; 50 U.S.C. 401 et seq n.d.). Its primary task is to advice the President in respect of issues affecting domestic, foreign and military policies (National Security Council 2007).The chairman of the National Security Council is the President of the US. Its deliberations are customarily attended by the Vice President, the Secretaries to the departments of Defense, State and the Treasury and the National Security Affairs Assistant to the President. The Director of National Intelligence and the Joint Chiefs of Staff are the respective intelligence and military advisors to the National Security Council. In addition, the President’s Counsel, the Presidential Assistant for Economic Policy and the President’s Chief of Staff are invitees to every National Security Council meeting. Moreover, the US Attorney General’s and other senior officials’ presence is solicited in the National Security Council meetings, wherever deemed appropriate (National Security Council. The White House n.d.).The primary Presidential framework for scrutinizing matters that affect national security and foreign policy is the National Security Council. In conjunction with cabinet officials and senior advisors the President resolves such issues. Moreover, the National Security Council is the President’s cardinal agency for this purpose (National Security Council. The White House n.d.).The National Security Council’s primary members are the President, the Vice President, the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of State. Its staff members are headed by the national security advisor and it constitutes a foreign policy formulating instrument, which is not governed by the State Department (National Security Council. In Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 2006).This council has a number of advisors and the chief amongst them are the CIA director and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Its purpose has been enhanced to provide information and advice regarding foreign policy, intelligence and the military. This expansion transpired in the 1970s and prior to that its function was limited to policymaking and coordinating the efforts of the different agencies involved. Consequent to this growth, the National Security Council commenced to supervise the CIA and to indulge in clandestine intelligence operations. Its endeavors in this area, especially in the Iran – Contra Affair earned it severe opprobrium and a call for it to refrain from such overt operations (National Security Council. In The Great American History Fact-Finder 2004).The national security advisor provides crucial advice to the President regarding foreign affai rs. Some of the better known incumbents were Walt Rostow, Henry Kissinger of Shuttle Diplomacy fame, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Admiral John Poindexter and Lt-Gen Colin Powell. Kissinger was so influential with Nixon that he contrived to override the Secretary of State on several occasions (national security adviser.In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas 2005). National Security Council. (2004). In The Great American History Fact-Finder. Retrieved November 06, 2007, from DISPLAYURL â€Å"National Security Council.† The Great American History Fact-Finder. 2004. CredoReference. 06 November 2007 . The Great American History Fact-Finder, 2004, s.v. â€Å"National Security Council,† DISPLAYURL (accessed November 06, 2007). http://search.credoreference.com/auth/indexThus, the National Security Council supervises the CIA, and contrives, synchronizes and appraises the defense policies of the US. It was accorded enormous importance by President Eisenhower, in the c ontext of his security policy.Works Citedâ€Å"63 Stat. 579; 50 U.S.C. 401 et seq.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"National Security Council .† Microsoft ® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007, 2007.National Security Council. In The Great American History Fact-Finder . 2004. http://search.credoreference.com/auth/index (accessed November 6, 2007).National Security Council. The White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/ (accessed November 6, 2007).â€Å"Public Law 235 – 61 Stat. 496; U.S.C. 402.† The National Security Council The National Security Council was instituted under the aegis of the 1947 National Security Act (Public Law 235 – 61 Stat. 496; U.S.C. 402 n.d.). It was subsequently modified   by the 1949 National Security Act Amendments, which made it a component of the US President’s Executive Office (63 Stat. 579; 50 U.S.C. 401 et seq n.d.). Its primary task is to advice the President in respect of issues affecting domestic, foreign and military policies (National Security Council 2007).The chairman of the National Security Council is the President of the US. Its deliberations are customarily attended by the Vice President, the Secretaries to the departments of Defense, State and the Treasury and the National Security Affairs Assistant to the President. The Director of National Intelligence and the Joint Chiefs of Staff are the respective intelligence and military advisors to the National Security Council. In addition, the President’s Counsel, the Presidential Assistant for Economic Policy and the President’s Chief of Staff are invitees to every National Security Council meeting. Moreover, the US Attorney General’s and other senior officials’ presence is solicited in the National Security Council meetings, wherever deemed appropriate (National Security Council. The White House n.d.).The primary Presidential framework for scrutinizing matters that affect national security and foreign policy is the National Security Council. In conjunction with cabinet officials and senior advisors the President resolves such issues. Moreover, the National Security Council is the President’s cardinal agency for this purpose (National Security Council. The White House n.d.).The National Security Council’s primary members are the President, the Vice President, the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of State. Its staff members are headed by the national security advisor and it constitutes a foreign policy formulating instrument, which is not governed by the State Department (National Security Council. In Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 2006).This council has a number of advisors and the chief amongst them are the CIA director and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Its purpose has been enhanced to provide information and advice regarding foreign policy, intelligence and the military. This expansion transpired in the 1970s and prior to that its function was limited to policymaking and coordinating the efforts of the different agencies involved. Consequent to this growth, the National Security Council commenced to supervise the CIA and to indulge in clandestine intelligence operations. Its endeavors in this area, especially in the Iran – Contra Affair earned it severe opprobrium and a call for it to refrain from such overt operations (National Security Council. In The Great American History Fact-Finder 2004).The national security advisor provides crucial advice to the President regarding foreign affai rs. Some of the better known incumbents were Walt Rostow, Henry Kissinger of Shuttle Diplomacy fame, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Admiral John Poindexter and Lt-Gen Colin Powell. Kissinger was so influential with Nixon that he contrived to override the Secretary of State on several occasions (national security adviser. In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas 2005). National Security Council. (2004). In The Great American History Fact-Finder. Retrieved November 06, 2007, from DISPLAYURL â€Å"National Security Council.† The Great American History Fact-Finder. 2004. CredoReference. 06 November 2007 . The Great American History Fact-Finder, 2004, s.v. â€Å"National Security Council,† DISPLAYURL (accessed November 06, 2007). http://www.credoreference.com/entry/6601167Thus, the National Security Council supervises the CIA, and contrives, synchronizes and appraises the defense policies of the US. It was accorded enormous importance by President Eisenhower, in the context of his security policy.Works Citedâ€Å"63 Stat. 579; 50 U.S.C. 401 et seq.†national security adviser. In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas . 2005. http://www.credoreference.com/entry/6450391 (accessed November 06, 2007).â€Å"National Security Council .† Microsoft ® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007, 2007.National Security Council. In Britannica Concise Encyclopedia . 2006. http://www.credoreference.com/entry/6710540 (accessed November 06, 2007).National Security Council. In The Great American History Fact-Finder . 2004. http://www.credoreference.com/entry/6601167 (accessed November 6, 2007).National Security Council. The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/ (accessed November 6, 2007).â€Å"Public Law 235 – 61 Stat. 496; U.S.C. 402.†

Combating Compassion Fatigue

Running Head: Combating Compassion Fatigue Combating Compassion Fatigue Raynell Giron Grand Canyon University HLT 310V Sep. 29th, 2012 Combating Compassion Fatigue This writer will define and identify the keys components to compassion fatigue. This writer will also expound upon the warning signs of compassion fatigue and some interventions that can be put into place by the care giver to help avoid compassion fatigue.This writer will further give some helpful coping skills that can be used to manage compassion fatigue and the resources a care giver can turn too in the event they experience compassion fatigue. Compassion fatigue has been defined as a combination of physical, emotional, and spiritual depletion associated with caring for patients in significant emotional pain and physical distress (Anewalt, 2009). It can also include depression, apathy, and impaired judgement.It is considered a unique form of burnout that affects individuals in care giving roles (Lombardo, 2011). While c ompassion fatigue can sometimes be precipitated by burn out, that is not always the case. Burn out is defined as â€Å"a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced accomplishments that can occur among individuals who do ‘people work’ of some kind†Ã‚  (Maslach & Jackson, 1986, p. 1). While the symptoms of both are similar, the warning signs differ greatly. Some of the warning signs a care giver may be experiencing compassion atigue include work-related symptoms, physical symptoms, and emotional symptoms (Lombardo, 2011). Some of the work related symptoms may include avoidance or dread of working with certain patients, reduced ability to feel empathy towards patients or families, frequent use of sick days, and lack of joyfulness (Lombardo, 2011). Some of the physical warning signs include headaches, digestive problems, inability to sleep, insomnia, too much sleep, and cardiac symptoms such as chest pain/pressure, palpitations, and tachycardia (Lombardo, 2011).Emotional signs of compassion fatigue can include mood swings, restlessness, irritability, oversensitivity, anxiety, excessive use of substances like nicotine, alcohol, and illicit drugs, depression, anger and resentment, loss of objectivity, memory issues, poor concentration, focus, and judgment (Lombardo, 2011). While a care giver can experience any of the above symptoms at any time during their career, it is important to note that a combination of any of the above symptoms would be used to determine whether or not a person is experiencing compassion fatigue.Possible factors leading to compassion fatigue can be classified according to personality characteristics, previous exposure to trauma, empathy and emotional energy, response to stressors, and work/organizational characteristics (Sabo, 2011). Research clearly demonstrates that working with patients who are in pain, suffering, or at end of life may take a toll on the psychosocial health and well being of nurses (Sabo, 2011). To determine whether or not a health care giver is experiencing compassion fatigue an assessment tool has been developed.The following is a basic assessment that can be done by the nurse to help determine the risk of compassion fatigue. Description/evaluation of one’s work setting and working conditions; one’s tendency to become over involved; one’s usual coping strategies and management of life crises; one’s usual activities to replenish self physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually; and one’s openness for learning new skills to enhance personal and professional well being (Lombardo 2011). Some interventions that could be used to help reduce the incidence of ompassion fatigue include early recognition of signs and symptoms, staying physically fit, staying well rested, develop healthy and supportive relationships outside of the work environment, and implement diversions like journal writing, counseling, or enjoyable recreat ional activities to help combat compassion fatigue (Panos, 2007). One could also seek guidance from a mentor or counselor. Koloroutis (2007) identified three core relationships for transforming practice using relationship-based nursing including the nurse’s relationship with patients and families, the nurse’s relationship with self, and the nurse’s relationship with colleagues.The nurse’s relationship with self is a core concept in managing compassion fatigue. Nurses need to be assertive, to express personal needs and values, and to view work-life balance as an achievable outcome. This relationship with self is essential for optimizing one’s health, for being empathic with others, and for being a productive member of a work group within a healthcare facility (Lombardo, 2011). The coping strategies for dealing with compassion fatigue fall along the same line as those of prevention.If one were to find that one is experiencing compassion fatigue some coping strategies would include exercise, maintaining a personal life that includes healthy relationships, develop a sense of humor, set limits between work and home activities, and broaden your horizons. The Compassion Fatigue Awareness project has developed as a result of more and more care givers experiencing this trauma. This project gives resources for workshops, training, and counseling for care givers. ConclusionIn conclusion, compassion fatigue can take its toll on care givers and cause dissatisfaction for the care giver and their patients. It is imperative that care givers learn to recognize their limitations, know themselves on a spiritual level and just how much they are able to give of themselves in a work environment without over extending themselves which could then lead to compassion fatigue and/or burn out. It is also important for the care giver to implement strategies to help avoid burn out and compassion fatigue.These strategies could include those listed above as well as time for mediation at work, create a relaxing environment at work by transforming the work station, or just finding the time to discuss complex patient situations with supportive co-workers.References Anewalt, P. (2009). Fired up or burned out? Understanding the importance of professional boundaries in home health care hospice. Home Healthcare Nurse, 27(10), 591-597. Koloroutis, M. (2007). Relationship-based care: A model for transforming practice. Minneapolis, MN: Creative Health Care Management, Inc. Lombardo, B. , Eyre, C. , (Jan 31, 2011) â€Å"Compassion Fatigue: A Nurse’s Primer†Ã‚  OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing  Vol. 16, No. 1, Manuscript 3. Retrieved Sept. 29th, 2012 from: http://www. nursingworld. org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-16-2011/No1-Jan-2011/Compassion-Fatigue-A-Nurses-Primer. html Maslach, C. , & Jackson, S. (1986). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual  (2 ed. ). Palo Alto: Consult ing Psychologists Press. Panos, A (February, 2007). Promoting resiliency in trauma workers. Poster presented at the 9th World Congress on Stress, Trauma, and Coping, Baltimore, MD. Sabo, B. , (Jan 31, 2011) â€Å"Reflecting on the Concept of Compassion Fatigue†OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing  Vol. 16, No. 1, Manuscript 1. Retrieved Sept. 29th, 2012 from: http://www. nursingworld. org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-16-2011/No1-Jan-2011/Concept-of-Compassion-Fatigue Combating Compassion Fatigue Running Head: Combating Compassion Fatigue Combating Compassion Fatigue Raynell Giron Grand Canyon University HLT 310V Sep. 29th, 2012 Combating Compassion Fatigue This writer will define and identify the keys components to compassion fatigue. This writer will also expound upon the warning signs of compassion fatigue and some interventions that can be put into place by the care giver to help avoid compassion fatigue.This writer will further give some helpful coping skills that can be used to manage compassion fatigue and the resources a care giver can turn too in the event they experience compassion fatigue. Compassion fatigue has been defined as a combination of physical, emotional, and spiritual depletion associated with caring for patients in significant emotional pain and physical distress (Anewalt, 2009). It can also include depression, apathy, and impaired judgement.It is considered a unique form of burnout that affects individuals in care giving roles (Lombardo, 2011). While c ompassion fatigue can sometimes be precipitated by burn out, that is not always the case. Burn out is defined as â€Å"a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced accomplishments that can occur among individuals who do ‘people work’ of some kind†Ã‚  (Maslach & Jackson, 1986, p. 1). While the symptoms of both are similar, the warning signs differ greatly. Some of the warning signs a care giver may be experiencing compassion atigue include work-related symptoms, physical symptoms, and emotional symptoms (Lombardo, 2011). Some of the work related symptoms may include avoidance or dread of working with certain patients, reduced ability to feel empathy towards patients or families, frequent use of sick days, and lack of joyfulness (Lombardo, 2011). Some of the physical warning signs include headaches, digestive problems, inability to sleep, insomnia, too much sleep, and cardiac symptoms such as chest pain/pressure, palpitations, and tachycardia (Lombardo, 2011).Emotional signs of compassion fatigue can include mood swings, restlessness, irritability, oversensitivity, anxiety, excessive use of substances like nicotine, alcohol, and illicit drugs, depression, anger and resentment, loss of objectivity, memory issues, poor concentration, focus, and judgment (Lombardo, 2011). While a care giver can experience any of the above symptoms at any time during their career, it is important to note that a combination of any of the above symptoms would be used to determine whether or not a person is experiencing compassion fatigue.Possible factors leading to compassion fatigue can be classified according to personality characteristics, previous exposure to trauma, empathy and emotional energy, response to stressors, and work/organizational characteristics (Sabo, 2011). Research clearly demonstrates that working with patients who are in pain, suffering, or at end of life may take a toll on the psychosocial health and well being of nurses (Sabo, 2011). To determine whether or not a health care giver is experiencing compassion fatigue an assessment tool has been developed.The following is a basic assessment that can be done by the nurse to help determine the risk of compassion fatigue. Description/evaluation of one’s work setting and working conditions; one’s tendency to become over involved; one’s usual coping strategies and management of life crises; one’s usual activities to replenish self physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually; and one’s openness for learning new skills to enhance personal and professional well being (Lombardo 2011). Some interventions that could be used to help reduce the incidence of ompassion fatigue include early recognition of signs and symptoms, staying physically fit, staying well rested, develop healthy and supportive relationships outside of the work environment, and implement diversions like journal writing, counseling, or enjoyable recreat ional activities to help combat compassion fatigue (Panos, 2007). One could also seek guidance from a mentor or counselor. Koloroutis (2007) identified three core relationships for transforming practice using relationship-based nursing including the nurse’s relationship with patients and families, the nurse’s relationship with self, and the nurse’s relationship with colleagues.The nurse’s relationship with self is a core concept in managing compassion fatigue. Nurses need to be assertive, to express personal needs and values, and to view work-life balance as an achievable outcome. This relationship with self is essential for optimizing one’s health, for being empathic with others, and for being a productive member of a work group within a healthcare facility (Lombardo, 2011). The coping strategies for dealing with compassion fatigue fall along the same line as those of prevention.If one were to find that one is experiencing compassion fatigue some coping strategies would include exercise, maintaining a personal life that includes healthy relationships, develop a sense of humor, set limits between work and home activities, and broaden your horizons. The Compassion Fatigue Awareness project has developed as a result of more and more care givers experiencing this trauma. This project gives resources for workshops, training, and counseling for care givers. ConclusionIn conclusion, compassion fatigue can take its toll on care givers and cause dissatisfaction for the care giver and their patients. It is imperative that care givers learn to recognize their limitations, know themselves on a spiritual level and just how much they are able to give of themselves in a work environment without over extending themselves which could then lead to compassion fatigue and/or burn out. It is also important for the care giver to implement strategies to help avoid burn out and compassion fatigue.These strategies could include those listed above as well as time for mediation at work, create a relaxing environment at work by transforming the work station, or just finding the time to discuss complex patient situations with supportive co-workers.References Anewalt, P. (2009). Fired up or burned out? Understanding the importance of professional boundaries in home health care hospice. Home Healthcare Nurse, 27(10), 591-597. Koloroutis, M. (2007). Relationship-based care: A model for transforming practice. Minneapolis, MN: Creative Health Care Management, Inc. Lombardo, B. , Eyre, C. , (Jan 31, 2011) â€Å"Compassion Fatigue: A Nurse’s Primer†Ã‚  OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing  Vol. 16, No. 1, Manuscript 3. Retrieved Sept. 29th, 2012 from: http://www. nursingworld. org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-16-2011/No1-Jan-2011/Compassion-Fatigue-A-Nurses-Primer. html Maslach, C. , & Jackson, S. (1986). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual  (2 ed. ). Palo Alto: Consult ing Psychologists Press. Panos, A (February, 2007). Promoting resiliency in trauma workers. Poster presented at the 9th World Congress on Stress, Trauma, and Coping, Baltimore, MD. Sabo, B. , (Jan 31, 2011) â€Å"Reflecting on the Concept of Compassion Fatigue†OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing  Vol. 16, No. 1, Manuscript 1. Retrieved Sept. 29th, 2012 from: http://www. nursingworld. org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-16-2011/No1-Jan-2011/Concept-of-Compassion-Fatigue

Plant Asset Essay

Disposal of Plant Assets 1. Discard Plant Assets 2. Sell Plant Assets 3. Exchange Plant Assets – Exchange with similar assets – Exchange with dissimilar assets Discard Assets A machine costing $9000 with accumulated depreciation of $9000 is discarded on June 5, 2001 Machine 9000 Accumulated depreciation 9000 Accumulated depreciation needs reverse entry General Journal Date Account Title and Explanation PR Debit Credit Discard Assets A machine costing $8000 with accumulated depreciation of $6000 on Dec 31, 2000. It is discarded on July 1, 2001 Machine 8000 Accumulated depreciation 000 General Journal Date Account Title and Explanation PR Debit Credit Selling Plant Asset 3 Types of Selling – Sell at book value – Sell above book value – Sell below book value Sell Plant Asset at Book Value Example A machine costing $16000 with accumulated depreciation of $12000 on Dec 31, 2002. It is sold on March 1, 2003 for cash = $3000 Machine Accumulated depreciatio n 16000 12000 General Journal Date Account Title and Explanation PR Debit Credit Sell Plant Asset Above Book Value Example A machine costing $16000 with accumulated depreciation of $12000 on Dec 31, 2002. It is sold on March 1, 2003 for cash = $7000 Machine Accumulated depreciation 16000 12000 General Journal Date Account Title and Explanation PR Debit Credit Sell Plant Asset below Book Value Example A machine costing $16000 with accumulated depreciation of $12000 on Dec 31, 2002. It is sold on March 1, 2003 for cash = $2500 Machine Accumulated depreciation 16000 12000 General Journal Date Account Title and Explanation PR Debit Credit Exchanging Plant Assets Assets Exchange Dissimilar Similar Loss Recognized Recognized Gain Recognized Not Recognized Exchange Similar Asset – Gain Example An old equipment costing $36,000 with accumulated depreciation of $20,000 on Dec 31, 2002. It is exchanged on Jan 1, 2003 for new equipment that has fair value =$42,000 by paying more cash = $33000 Machine Accumulated depreciation 36,000 20,000 General Journal Date Account Title and Explanation PR Debit Credit Exchange Dissimilar Asset – Gain Example An old equipment costing $36,000 with accumulated depreciation of $20,000 on Dec 31, 2002. It is exchanged on Jan 1, 2003 for new equipment that has fair value =$52,000 by paying more cash = $33000 Machine Accumulated depreciation 6,000 20,000 General Journal Date Account Title and Explanation PR Debit Credit Summary ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Cost of plant assets Lump sum purchase Capital expenditure and Revenue expenditure Depreciation method Partial year Depreciation Revise estimate of salvage value and useful life Disposal of plant assets Practice On July 14, 99 company A paid $600,000 cash to acquire a factory that has land, land improvement building and machinery. Appraised value: ? land = $160,000 ? land improvement = $80,000 ? Building = $320,000 ? Machinery = $240,000 Journalize?

Answer the question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Answer the question - Assignment Example The case was against the state where Batson v. was a defendant from the U.S supreme court acting as the defendant. He had a great argument that the blacks were of the same fitness as the white people to have a place in the judiciary. The case was first filled in Kentucky, in the state court of petitioner. This case was then discussed in many other courts like the United States’ Supreme Court. Joe Gutmann, who was a prosecutor, agreed that Supreme Court made a good decision since it prohibited lawyers from discerning in jury assortment. He said that the reason of him removing the black was as they were youthful and they might have sympathized with Batson. The case took almost a year to be decided. It was in the U.S Supreme court where the case was decided. Finally, the black society had the right and positions in the judiciary. The violation of their rights as the black was no longer there. Black venire men have excited (Overland,

United States Foreign Policy in the Middle East Essay

United States Foreign Policy in the Middle East - Essay Example The two parties share decision making concerning making of the foreign policy. The council of foreign policy in the Middle East provides an analysis of the political, economic, and social development in the Middle East. The issue the policy addresses is that the main aim of the policy is to fight terrorism in the region. Terrorism is a major threat in the world and most of the European superpowers are joining the United States. Chaos in the Middle East affects many countries in the world because of the history of the region. Chaos influences around living abroad to act depending on the actions in the area. The policy addresses the roles the president and the Senate play in the definition of the foreign policy. The president has the role of appointing ambassadors while the Senate has the role of funding the army and declaring war. The president is the commander in chief of the country appoints key political heads and military officials, but the Congress must agree to the appointments of the president. America has had economic interests in the Middle East majorly because of the resources at their disposal. The Middle East has oil deposits that they export to fund the region. The United States used colonialism to guide their foreign policies. America had interests in the Middle for most of the 21st century. It manages to make itself an important player in the region by making use of its diplomatic, economic, and military strength to support its interest. In the Revolutionary war, John Adams outlined the plan for the foreign policy in America. In 1919, the efforts of President Woodrow led to the formation of League of Nations. The League of Nations gave out directives that led to the formation of colonial boundaries in the Middle East region. The civil wars in the Middle East led to the involvement of the United States of America. America surpassed Britain as the major superpower after the Second World War. The emergence of America as the major

Fundamentals of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fundamentals of Management - Essay Example These roles will be taken into account during training courses in addition to others roles omitted by in this classification. This matrix does not take into account motivation and inspiring of employees, communication and control functions (Bateman, Snell 2004). The main skills managers need to develop include: a self-assessment, communication, coaching, conflict management and motivation of employees. In this case, the human element plays a major part in the overall success of the project and positive organizational atmosphere. Management of conflicts, an integral part of project management, has assumed a vital strategic role in recent years as organizational attempt to compete through people. Today, projects can create a competitive advantage when they possess or develop human resources that are psychologically strong and organized. Managers should recognize that an employee may expect promotion as an outcome of a high level of contribution in helping to achieve an important organizational objective. They determine the perceived equity of their own position. Feeling about the equity of the exchange is affected by the treatment they receive when compared with what happens to other people. Effective communication and motivation should be th e core of training and employees orientation classes.

Analytic Report about Disaster Recovery Plans in corporations Essay

Analytic Report about Disaster Recovery Plans in corporations - Essay Example This essay aims at detailing the steps that have been taken and those that should be taken to safeguard against such eventualities. Disasters can be manmade or naturally occurring like earthquakes and those arising from technological issues (Sundar et al. 119). According to Sundar, the objectives of sustainable development are to improve the natural strengths of all agencies, including the society, in addressing disastrous situations. The attainment of this objective requires sustained initiatives, which entails economic, social, and infrastructure issues (Sundar et al. 119). Disasters involving technology are the ones that have the most direct effect on humans at a personal level. Disasters involving nuclear technology have long-lasting negative repercussions on the health of people ranging from cancer and maiming disabilities produced by mutations caused by radiation. For example, the Chernobyl nuclear reactor disaster killed dozens of people, and its effects are still present today. Disaster management is defined as an applied science, which seeks to advance regulations regarding relating to mitigation, emergency, prevention, preparedness, recovery, and response through systematic observation and analysis of disasters (Sundar et al. 84). The corporate sector is a substantial body that includes those that produce goods and services for the sole purpose of making a profit. Disasters jeopardize this main objective, and it is paramount that corporations put up mechanisms to mitigate the impact caused by disasters. Corporations team up with insurance companies to shield their entities from losses occasioned by the occurrence of natural disasters. There is an increasing paradigm shift by corporations moving from enactment of disaster response policies to executing pro-active policies aimed at preventing disasters. They insure

How Beyond Budgeting Model Can Overcome Traditional Budgeting's Dissertation

How Beyond Budgeting Model Can Overcome Traditional Budgeting's Criticisms and whether it's the Way to Forward to Adaptive Mana - Dissertation Example decentralised teams 26 2.6.3 Performance measurement 26 2.7 Changes in the Organisation with the adaptation of Beyond Budgeting 28 2.8. Summary 32 3.0. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Research Overview 33 3.3 Research Philosophy 34 3.4 Research Approach 34 3.5 Research Methods 35 3.6 Research Strategy 36 3.7 Research Design 36 3.8 Data Collection Method 37 3.9 Data Collection Method 37 3.10 Analysis Method 37 3.10 Reliability of Research 38 3.11 Limitations 38 3.12 Summary 39 4.0 FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 40 4.1 Introduction 40 4.2 Case Analysis 40 4.2.1 American Express 40 4.2.2 Case Analysis of Aldi 44 4.2.3 Case Analysis of UBS Wealth Management and Business Banking 45 4.2.4 Case Analysis of Guardian Industries Corporation 46 4.2.5 Case Analysis of SpareBank 1 54 4.3 Summary 61 5.0 DISCUSSION 62 6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 68 6.1 Conclusion 68 6.2 Recommendations: 72 7. List of References 73 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview Budgeting is one of the most important tool s for managers and it has been regarded as the cornerstone of the management accounting system by Hasnen, Otley, and Stede (2003). Budgeting is a tool that is used by mangers as a blueprint for their future actions. Budgeting is used by organisations to analyse how the firm is performing and how it is expected to perform in the time to come. In some organisations, this tool is also known as the annual planning process. Budgeting has been one of the most commonly used methods by managers and it has been used in different parts of the world. However, with the passage of time there have been several discrepancies and inconsistencies found in the budgeting process and traditional methods used by managers for budgeting and this has raised questions regarding the reliability and effectiveness of budgeting process (Ostergren and Stensaker, 2011). One of the major purposes of budgeting is that it allows the company to analyse how it is able to achieve and meet its objectives. With proper an d effective use of budgeting techniques, an organisation is able to improve its profits and reduce its unnecessary expenses. There can be different purposes for using budgeting and some of the most important purposes of using budgeting techniques include: forecasting financial statements, controlling costs and expenses, managing and predicting cash flows, resource planning, communication plans etc (Becker, Messner, and Schaffer, 2010). Organisations may use budgeting for more than one of these above reasons and it is up to the management how they adopt these techniques as there have been several firms that have adapted and have achieved benefits of using these techniques. Besides the advantages and benefits that budgeting techniques offer, these techniques have several limitations that limit and reduce the importance of such techniques. Organisations have been planning to improve these techniques and therefore there has been sufficient research on this topic (Linder and Weber, 2005) . Budgeting techniques are not only used for one department or one product that the company is offering. With the use of budgeting technique an organisation is able to identify the cash inflows and outflows from different departments or products that the company offers. By using these data, the management can be able to better analyse the situation and take decisions accordingly. Therefore it has been used by management as a planning tool for years (Drury, 2008). 1.2 Background The traditional budgeting approach is a combination top down and bottom up

Schizophrenia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Schizophrenia - Research Paper Example Background In this article, the objective was to examine the impacts of using antipsychotic medication to treat individuals with early episode schizophrenia illness. Wu et al. (2005) unfold schizophrenia as a persistent, severe, poorly understood, and debilitating psychotic illness that undoubtedly involves several disorders. The stamp schizophrenia symptoms are psychotic indicators such as delusions and auditory hallucinations. Impaired disturbances or cognition in information handing is not a highly vivid schizophrenia symptom although it can be highly disturbing. For the individuals suffering from schizophrenia, Wu et al. (2005) study has unfolded lower rates of marriage, employment, and independent lifestyle in comparison to the normal people. A neuroimaging statistics collected by Bola et al. (2011) has confirmed anatomical abnormalities that include ventricles enlargement and reduction in the volume of the brain in the medial chronological areas. These observations are of great er study interest than clinical use. The hippocampus is a cortical, minute, supposedly seahorse-shaped brain part curled within the temporal lobe medial edge. Functionally, hippocampus is a limbic system part when processing of the emptions takes place. In the hippocampus, the episodic or declarative memories are formed (memories of events and facts). The Alzheimer diseases (the memory problem preeminent disease) usually affect this hippocampus. A study by Haraldsson et al. (2011) examined the children suffering from schizophrenia as well as their healthy controls and siblings. At the onset of the study, the average age was approximated to be 12 years. The illness hippocampal volume was observed to be less in comparison to that of the siblings and controls and recorded a steady decrease over the 12 follow-up years, although this decrease was not at an increasing rate. For the children suffering from schizophrenia, antipsychotic medications were administered. From the study, Haraldss on et al. (2011) observed a high likelihood of hippocampal volume deficit because of the illness. Therefore, the volume deficit was not linked to utilization of antipsychotic prescription. Additional interests have also evaluated the various connections with the brain as opposed to specifically examining one brain part. Indeed, the neuropsychology reveal impaired processing of information as a result of Schizophrenia. From medical researches, anatomic abnormalities are observed in limbic and neocortical regions network. Method Search Strategy In this study, the Cochrane Schizophrenia group record was examined together with references of the studies that were included. For more data, the authors of some relevant studies were contacted to provide with further statistics. Criteria of selection Randomized experimental trials were included with numerous second-episode and first-episode acute schizophrenia gamut disorders linking the early antipsychotic medication treatment with psychosoc ial, milieu, or placebo treatment. Data collection and analysis Working individually, the records from 18 studies were critically assessed. Out of these records, six were observed to meet toe inclusion standards. When possible, the risk ratios were calculated as well as their degree of confidence at 95% for the weighted mean differences and dichotomous

How it has reshaped the World Essay Example for Free

How it has reshaped the World Essay The history of science is marked by discoveries or inventions, great or small, which have, as a characteristic feature, refined humanity’s existing understanding of the world. Though many of these discoveries were accessible, and appealing, to those that had the knowledge and expertise to comprehend them, ever so rarely came a discovery (or invention) which redefined the world as we understood it with their remarkable scope, explanatory power, functionality or clarity. As the process of scientific discovery and technological development progressed, such moments of redefinition became genuinely rare, and it necessitated that only an invention of unparalleled accessibility could have as profound an impact on human society as, for example, the invention of the telescope or the discovery of Cartesian coordinates. The invention of the internet was one such event in the history of science. During an address in September 1999, Jeffrey Cole, (the then) Director of the Center for Communication Policy at UCLA, remarked that in 1996 â€Å"[he] discovered that television viewing among kids under the age of 14 was down for the first time in the history of television. For the first time in the 51 years of television, since 1948, kids had found something they liked as much or more than television – computers and the Internet. † (Cole, 1996, p. 1) That the interest in television had waned in itself was a startling fact. But, there are greater ramifications of this observation; the television was a source of information and entertainment, not a primary medium of communicating or doing business. It operated along regional, national and international networks, with varying accessibility. The internet, on the other hand, is expressly a global gateway (albeit with some restrictions, which we shall encounter below), characterized by the free flow of information with hitherto unknown swiftness. The ‘World Wide Web’, as the internet is sometimes called, has been an irreplaceable tool of the process of globalization, while the globalizing world has increasingly depended on the internet for faster communication, spread of information and economic transactions. The upshot here is that this mutually reinforcing dynamic has had a deep and lasting effect on human society; while we have witnessed an economic and communications transformation, the emergence of a global, homogeneous culture along with a global polity and risk culture cannot be denied (Aronson, 2004). Also, partly due to the internet revolution, time and space seem to be collapsing (Harvey, 1990; Agnew, 2001). We shall continue, now, to survey these various effects that the internet has had in â€Å"reshaping† the world. II. The Internet, Culture and Our Daily Lives To assess the impact the internet has had on culture in general, and the habits and practices of our daily live in particular, we must start by making am important qualification: the rise of the internet has meant that a â€Å"digital divide† is created between those who are comfortable with using the new technology and those who are not (Aronson, p. 635). The sharing of information and ideas through virtual communities also gives rise to â€Å"smart mobs† (Rheingold, 2003), meaning that individuals now interact with institutions in novel ways. The growth of technology subjects culture to pulls in several directions. A positive aspect of the internet is that it provides an inexpensive medium of communication, allowing individuals the possibility of maintaining their familial, cultural, religious or ethnic ties across geographical spaces. Equally, however, the exposure the internet grants also develops shared affections for things such as movies, music, cuisine, etc. So, identities become increasingly cross-cutting rather than remaining segmented; global citizens today share multiple identities (Aronson, p. 635). This leads to urban cultures resembling one another, with differences between people diminishing. In our daily lives, the advent of the internet has had many penetrating effects. For instance, communication through â€Å"social utility† websites such as Facebook, a concept inconceivable in the past, has now become an everyday activity, supplanting postal mail and (even) e-mail. Things such as buying groceries and movie tickets to paying bills and looking for a new place to stay can all be done instantly through a computer with internet access. Without expending a great deal of physical effort, many routine tasks can be performed from the comfort of one’s home. The perceived benefits, or lack thereof, of these changes vary from person to person, though there is no denying the convenience of completing everyday jobs online. The impacts of internet use are even more pronounced in areas where communication was previously a challenge; a recent study shows the positive changes in the Shippagan Area in Canada by easing daily operations and improving access to required information (Selouani and Hamam, 2007). However, the use of internet technology depends a lot on context; a study based on micro-level sampling in the Pittsburgh, PA, led scholars to suggest that â€Å"[using] the Internet generally predicted better outcomes for extraverts and those with more social support – but worse outcomes for introverts and those with less support. The studies suggest that many people, especially those with good social resources, have integrated the Internet into their ordinary lives to their advantage. † (Kiesler et al. , 2002. ) This takes us back to the qualification of the digital divide we made at the beginning of this section. A cultural connotation of the same could engender a concept of the ‘haves’ and the ‘have-nots’, fueling the process of otherization between cultural perspectives. However, with the intermingling of cultures – meaning cross-cutting identities – as discussed above, such a turn of events looks unlikely in reality. III. The Internet and the Economy The biggest upshot of the internet is that it tends to promote economic growth, by way of increased trade, information on investment opportunities, expanding the range of options for consumers and providing an easy reach to products across the globe. Companies, as well as countries, that make use of the technological advantages of the internet may enjoy an â€Å"information edge as they compete and grow† (Aronson, p. 633). Locally, this means that any business can have instant global marketability, by setting up a website informing prospective customers of their products and employing an online transaction system. Globally, due in part to the proliferation of the above local phenomenon, and due also to the growing public awareness of the convenience of e-businesses, there is an increasing reliance on doing business through the internet. Over time, this inexpensive structure leads retailers and distributors to also take their businesses online. As this process intensified over the last (roughly) two decades, some sweeping expectations were fielded by analysts about the effects of the internet on specific industries in the economy. In a report published by Statistics Canada in November 2006, four key identified areas of change were analyzed: the paperless office, the end of postal mail, the demise of professional travel and the end of traditional retail. Upon surveying the facts, it was found that paper production and consumption in the world increased from 1983 to 2003, as did the volume of postal deliveries. So is the case with professional travelers and retailers in that time frame (Sciadas, 2006). This derives two important conclusions: firstly, the advent of the internet has had a great impact on the world, no doubt, but it is yet to supplant traditional means of conducting business totally; secondly, and more importantly, the changes in the economy effected by the internet shows the increase in the volume of transactions, business establishments and opportunities the world has experienced. Consumer adaptability to this new situation has also thrown up novel ideas. Online money transfer systems, such as PayPal, offer effective alternatives to traditional banking, especially for transactions online. The possibility of being cheated by fraudulent companies and retailers has spawned various kinds of consumer safety initiatives, like the Internet Crime Complaint Center and the Internet Fraud Watch. A study in 2001 showed that, among other things, internet users frequented retail stores more than non-users; they had access to a far greater range of products and services, and were more quality conscious (About. com, 2001). Importantly, the use of the internet does not guarantee an equitable distribution of growth within or among countries. In fact, global uneven development in a globalizing world is a recurrent theme in scholastic research; the gap between the rich and poorer countries has only widened after the internet revolution (Agnew, 2001), reflecting another facet of the â€Å"digital divide,† this time among countries. E-commerce may even go so far as to undermine national economic policies, while facilitating crime and corruption. Global networks, Aronson contends, are the glue which holds together transnational criminal activities, ranging from drug smuggling and weapons trafficking to the smuggling of nuclear weapons-grade material and human body parts, as well as human trafficking and money laundering (p. 635). IV. The Internet and Access to Information The internet revolution supplied a corresponding information revolution, which has meant that, on the whole, retrieving data and information on any subject is almost instantaneous. This virtual store of information, which is open to anyone interested enough to find things out, has been another great boon on the internet. Aside from the economic benefits of greater access to information, there are several socio-political benefits of such access. The distribution of public documents online has made it easier for people to use these resources and be more informed of public policies, legislations and the conduct of government. Due to this easy availability of information, the possibility of the emergence of a more aware civil society is greater than before. Individuals and groups, cutting across the political spectrum, can agitate administrations and influence decision-making precisely because they are armed with an increased access to vital information. However, some studies do suggest that this kind of political transformation still has a long way to go; though political mobilization has not grown as expected, while political balkanization has indeed risen (Cornfield and Rainie, 2006). In addition, the internet has had a huge impact on education and learning. The wealth of information online, along with the digitization of library resources, offers students the latest and most relevant information on any subject of study. Moreover, the utility of the internet in learning is valid vertically through K-12 education to graduate studies. The internet offers access to new methodologies in teaching and verbal communication in class, while for students there is a plethora of resources related to help them through their coursework, and aid preparations and strategies for tests. Students tend to use the internet to supplement their studies, using it for research, completing and submitting assignments and to find additional study materials (Machotka, Nedic and Nedic, 2002, p. 1). Of course, this increased access to information does not come without its disadvantages. Access does not equal internalization, and thus, having greater access does not mean a corresponding increase in knowledge. Gaining knowledge is a completely singular process, where the wealth of information can never be helpful without the ability to process and analyze the same. Further, the ready availability of much information, rare and treasured in earlier times, runs the danger of evaporating their value and depreciating their utility. For example, the excitement in encountering a classical text, of which libraries would carry few copies previously, is entirely lost when the same is available across the internet as a digital document. Though this enhances the possibility of a greater readership, it dramatically reduces the aura surrounding a great work. Apart from the more aesthetic perspective elaborated in the preceding paragraph the access to information also facilitates the dangers of which Aronson informs us above. Transnational crime feeds off the increasing web of information that is available, and uses the same to circumvent law enforcement agencies and employ new strategies of deception. V. The Internet and Social Interaction As briefly mentioned earlier, social communication websites (for example, Facebook, Orkut, Bebo, NetLog and many others) have redefined the way in which we keep in touch with our friends and family. These websites allow users to update personal information, upload pictures and moderate how much information they wish to make available about themselves online. These are not only popular among high-school and college-going students, but also among working professionals, providing an informal environment of communication. In fact, websites such as LinkedIn are now using similar architecture to create virtual networking portals where professionals can establish industry contacts. Craig’sList, on the other hand, is an effective tool which lists local classifieds. The global scale of such ventures is clearly evident in the increasing popularity of websites such as CouchSurfing, which allows registered users to offer or obtain free (or cheap) accommodation while traveling abroad. Another means of social interaction spawned by the internet has been the phenomenon of web-logging or â€Å"blogging† as it is more popularly known. There are literally millions of blogs on the internet, with many of them being sources of deep and insightful observation, commentary and analysis. Message boards are yet another means of communication, where individuals can anonymously socialize on the internet. With this expanding notion of social interaction, many believe that it is possible to involve and use technology strategically to bring about positive social changes. This argument is largely in view of the global civil society movement, in which the internet could be used as an effective tool for collaboration, mobilization, publishing reports and findings, and observation (Surman and Reilly, 2003). For researchers, the internet holds the key for the development of the social technology movement, and the differing views about the internet – the internet as an open network vis-a-vis the internet as a closed, commercial network – have stunted its growth. The variegated means of social interaction have also drawn detractors. Ru Guangrong, at the Chinese Information Center and Defense Science Technology, has a lengthy list of problems with the internet movement as a whole. (Though these issues pertain to all sections of discussion in this paper, we choose to highlight them here because they lead to the larger question of censorship on the internet. ) Guangrong claims that the internet: propagates Western beliefs and values; â€Å"degrades and repudiates† opposing viewpoints; can be used against national sovereignty; advocates Western lifestyles; assists â€Å"dominant cultures†; corrupts people’s minds and morals; is a waste of time and resources (1998, p. 5). As a remedy, Guangrong suggests, among others, a system of restrictive access and the moderation of available information. While this take on the World Wide Web may strike one as extreme, it does inform the reader on the climate of internet-related restrictions that prevail in the People’s Republic of China. It also poses the question of whether those in power should reserve the right of censoring information on the internet, however harmful or inappropriate they might consider the same. Indeed, there are compelling views on either side. On one hand, censorship on the internet encroaches upon the freedom of expression, a right which is universal in free societies. It makes no sense, for those sharing this view, for the internet to be censored, not least because it has no territorial underpinnings and is not governed across geographical spaces according to the laws of different countries. On the other hand, supporters of censorship argue that if there can be laws protecting consumers against internet fraud, the there could also be laws that restrict the flow of information online. The latter appears to be a paternal argument, claiming to secure internet users from unknown dangers; though it is difficult to support it, the jury is still out on the question of internet censorship. VI. Conclusion There are fears that because of the growing influence of the internet, an overwhelming commoditization of values, where one’s existence is measured in terms of possessions and acquisitions, shall tend to supplant societal values that have developed over centuries. A generalization of this, along with a rapid spread of the â€Å"demonstration effect† could mean the evaporation of cultures and cultural identities, which would only be preserved in nomenclature. However, such a view is unduly (and overly) pessimistic; it does not take the good of globalization, be it the advancement of scientific enquiry and discovery, empowerment of civil society, or greater accountability and transparency in governance. The internet, regardless of its detractors and many negative effects – as discussed above – remains a tool which carries the potential of bringing people together by making them more tolerant of different cultures and worldviews. Future generations will come to depend on the services of this great invention more heavily; indeed, there shall come a time when life without the internet would seem inconceivable. The use of internet technology has made life increasingly simpler; it is this aspect of the internet that one must focus on to contemplate the paths to the future, rather than magnifying its ill effects. References About. com. (March 12, 2001. ) Americas New Consumers: How Internet Use is Redefining the Marketplace. Retail Industry, About. com. Retrieved 28 May, 2008, from http://retailindustry. about. com/library/bl/bl_rsw0312. htm Agnew, J. (April 2001. ) The New Global Economy: Time-Space Compression, Geopolitics, and Global Uneven Development. Center for Globalization and Policy Research, School of Public Policy and Social Research, University of California at Los Angeles. Retrieved 28 May, 2008, from http://www. sppsr. ucla. edu/cgpr/docs/workingpaper3. doc Aronson, J. D. (2004. ) â€Å"Causes and Consequences of the Communications and Internet Revolution. † In Baylis, J. and Smith, S. (Eds. ). The Globalization of World Politics (3rd ed. ). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 621-644. Cole, J. (September 21st, 1999. ) Speech: How the Internet Is Changing Our Social, Political and Economic Lives. The Milken Institute Forum, 1-12. Cornfield, M. and Rainie, L. (November 5, 2006. ) â€Å"The Impact of the Internet on Politics. † Pew Internet American Life Project. Washington DC: The Pew Research Center. Guangron, R. (1998. ) â€Å"The Negative Impact of the Internet and Its Solutions. † The Chinese Defense Science and Technology Information Monthly, 121, 1-9. Harvey, D. (1990. ) â€Å"Pt. III: The Experience of Space and Time. † In The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 201-325. Kiesler, S. , Kraut, R. , Cummings, J. , Boneva, B. , Helgeson, V. , Cra

Benefits of Personalised Geriatric Care

Benefits of Personalised Geriatric Care INTRODUCTION It is always best to provide an intervention to every issue that is seen. In relation to the common Geriatric problems, there are different approaches in the planning of care depending on the needs of every individual. Personalized care is being promoted and executed to further and better assist every individual who goes through such kinds of condition. In the planning of care for the Geriatric patients, there are two kinds of approaches. These two are the Person Centered Approach and the Non-Person Centered Approach. The Person Centered Approach focuses on the basis of individuality regardless of the persons’ cognitive status, age, race and even gender. In this approach, every elder is subject to the care they need and what is due to them. The healthcare provider in this case should thoroughly identify and gather data to ensure that proper treatment and therapeutic approaches are being executed. What I best int his approach is that, there is no standard criteria for someone with a geriatric condition to be able to fit in. This is basically open to those who need it. On the other hand, the Non-Person Centered Approach has different goals and perspective. They focus on something in general rather than the person as a whole. Their intention is to help alleviate the condition of those elders with Geriatric problems, However, their approach is not directly on the elders. Rather, it depends on the mission and vision of their agency. Aside from the different approaches in handling Geriatric problems, there are principles that Healthcare providers must observe. The importance of these principles and the impact it can create in the development of the elders with geriatric problems. In this research, techniques and abilities will also be discussed. The different kinds of techniques that can be used to benefit the elders will be elaborated. This will gain advantage on both the Healthcare provider and the elders. Considering the equality and Cultural aspects of the community, this will surely make an impact to elders with Dementia or other common Geriatric problems. Because this can create an impact on the lives of these elders, it is best to be aware of such things. TASK There are different principles involved in the person-centered approach for elders with Dementia and other common Geriatric conditions. These principles will aid every individual that is involved in the management of such conditions. Individuality In individuality, histories are being thoroughly reviewed in order for the healthcare providers to specifically know the kind of treatment or therapeutic management the elders might need. Data are being gathered from the significant others regarding about the specific lifestyle an habitual behaviour of the elder. Since this is individualized, the planning of treatment in this case is basically personalized. What may work for elder 1 may not work for elder 2 because both elders may have different experiences and environmental factors that caused their condition. Also, each elder have different needs and it is the duty of the health care providers to determine the appropriate approach. Rights We certainly consider that every individual has their own rights regardless of their status. In this approach we promote that despite the elder’s condition, we should take into consideration that they deserve to be treated right. And in this way, elders with Dementia or other common geriatric conditions are being protected and they receive the treatment that they truly deserve. Despite their condition, these elders are still human thus, they needed to be treated well. Choice The facility in this kind of approach gives the elders the right to choose what they think is best for them. They’re being given the option to choose for themselves. In this way, they have the freedom to voice out their own preferences. The elder’s choice be a large undertaking or small undertakings. In the large undertakings, for instance, elders may choose to sign the â€Å"Do not Resuscitate† waiver. They have every right to do that for themselves. On the other hand, the small undertaking may include choosing what to wear for that day, the colour of shirt they prefer, whether or not they want a jacket or a raincoat on a rainy day. In this way we are giving the elders to be responsible and make them feel that they are not worthless. This will help them feel that they have the control over their life. Privacy Privacy is not disclosing any information outside of the Health care institution. Information is only being discussed within the circle of the involved health care practitioners. Families are given the assurance that whatever condition the elder has will only be made known to those professionals involved in the treatment. Practitioners may only disclose some information once the family has given them the consent to do so. Independence Independence is one of the goals in the management of elders with dementia and other common geriatric conditions. Some people may think that this is quite impossible to attain, but with the constant assistance elders get from health care practitioners, this is achievable. Health care providers must identify certain situations in which elders may find themselves dependent. Once the health care provider has figured out the elders dependence, it is where the health care provider will make a strategy to assist the elder in achieving his/her independence. This may take a long process that’s why it is best to set goals that are attainable. Dignity Another goal in the management of elders with dementia is the promotion of their dignity. Healthcare providers must promote that despite the elder’s situation they still need to be respected as human beings. Promotion of dignity makes them worth as a person. Respect Respect is very important in the management of elders with dementia. They should be treated with transparency to further avoid the deterioration of the elder. This will also help ensure that elders are not confused. Respect is the summation of all the person-centered approach. Autonomy Every person is subject to their own preference. Since we all have this kind of rights, even elders with dementia should have autonomy. In this way, we are guiding them in deciphering what kind of outcome they want for themselves. The non-person centered approach to dementia and the Institutional Perspective and the Bio-Medical Perspective. The Institutional perspective focuses on the policies, rules and regulations in order to maintain the normal function of the physical aspect of the elders with dementia. Aside from the physical aspect, this approach is also taking part in the social and spiritual aspect of the person. On the other hand, the Bio-Medical Perspective’s main focus is the disease process. This perspective is concerned more of the prevention and alleviation of the common geriatric conditions. They are not in any way relating their efforts to the family or to any healthcare providers. They are more concern of the medications that elders needs, the diagnostic tests to further detect the progression of the disease or even the treatments needed to aid the elders with their condition. To maintain the condition of elders with dementia, there are techniques that are being used. Among are the following: Reality-orientation Approach This approach focuses on what is going on around the world. The objective data that clients must know such as the date, time, day, year and even the weather. To confirm this to the client’s we must provide evidence such as newspaper, television news and all the like. Validation Approach The focus of this approach is to validate the emotional content of the person. Healthcare providers are looking into what the client is feeling about a certain given situation. It is here that we can check if the expression matches the content of his/her emotions. Assistive Technologies It is in this approach that clients are being assisted in a way that health care provider brings the world to them. Due to their condition, most often they already forgot how it was to live a life that is normal. Through this kind of approach, the elders will gain more hope, better self-esteem thus resulting to sociable elders. Reminiscence Techniques This will help the clients exercise their memories. In this technique, the clients are given the chance to share their experiences in life. The things they’ve gone through and the memorable events in their lives. This is a good measurement of the retained past memories of the elders. Holistic Approach This approach focuses on the person as a whole. This includes the different aspect of the person’s life. The physical, intellectual, emotional and spiritual aspect of the elder is given importance. These four aspects are being given attention and goes hand in hand in the process of holistic approach. The Public Health has attributed a lot in the management of Dementia. In the Public health, the government funds the programme that is being presented. In a way, this funding will result to an evidence-based practice. This will further develop the management techniques for elders with dementia and other common geriatric health conditions. By doing this, both government and the public and the Institutions will know what is effective and what is not. Also, they are making the public know and become aware of what is happening in the world of the elders with dementia. Making the public become aware of dementia’s nature will help distinguish the early signs of it and prevent it from worsening. Awareness of this condition is their way of making it known to everyone that Dementia is something everyone should never neglect because this just doesn’t affect the person having it but it makes a great impact in the community. Also, health promotions have been made to help reduce the incident of complications of dementia. The healthcare provider’s attitudes should be taken into consideration. They should instil in their minds that positive attitude attracts positive results, so as negative attitude attracts negative ones. Healthcare providers exist to provide the care that elders with dementia need but not to worsen their condition by the way they treat the elders. Providers must be patient enough and smart enough to think that these elders don’t intend to complicate the situation but it’s simply a given fact that elders with these kinds of conditions aren’t aware of the things they do. Healthcare providers are in demand in this case due to the massive growth of older adults. Older generation are being outgrown by the new ones. And it’s now time to pay back to these elders what they’ve done. The code of practice and other published standards has created a great impact in the lives of those individuals with dementia and other common geriatric health conditions. This benefited most on the person centered approach. The impact created was directly received by the recipient, the elders with dementia and other geriatric conditions. The code of practice has impacted the elders in a way that despite their condition, they are still being protected. We are all aware that elders who possess these kinds of condition are primarily affected on their brain, specifically their memory. Without memory, they are all like physical humans who just wander and don’t know where their lives are leading. But because of the concern and initiative of others for these elders, they’ve set standards for them that while they’re losing their memory they’re not losing their humanity. This won’t give impact to the elders now but also to the next generations of growing elders. This has made a way for everyone to be aware that every human has their rights and that no one being left behind. The health sector standards have gained the cooperation of every healthcare provider in providing the right management to elders with dementia and other common geriatric conditions. Moreover, the code of practice has benefitted both the residents and the healthcare providers. To the residents, the code of standards has become their protection from any malpractices. While on the other hand, the code of standard is the guide of the health care providers to do things in the right way and to avoid committing any malpractice that will affect the condition of the elders. These health sector standards and code of standards and other published standards has benefited the person-centered approach because the standards’cncern are primarily for the purpose of the residents safety as well as the health care providers. This is the only approach that it’s only the resident and the health care providers that are involved. Unlike other approaches which does not directly involves the residents. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this paper has enumerated the different principles involved in the person centered approach that gives benefit to both the residents and the health care providers. This paper primarily focuses about the protection and rights of the elders with dementia and other geriatric conditions, how the different approaches work and the benefits it has for the elders. Aside from the primary focus of protecting and promoting the rights of these elders, the healthcare providers are at the same time being guided on how to do things right and possibly rule out malpractices to happen. One way or the other, both parties can benefit from the different approaches, range of techniques, the different public health promotions and attitudes to health and the demand for more health care. RECOMMENDATION This paper will increase the awareness of the principles of the person centered approach, non-person centered approach, range of techniques used to meet the needs of persons with dementia, the impacts of public health and attitudes to health and demand for healthcare to those individuals whose family members has been affected by these common geriatric conditions. However, it’s not enough to make the awareness limited to those individuals that are being affected by this phenomenon. It’s always best to make it known to the public because no one knows who’s going to be the next victim. As what they always say the â€Å"prevention is better than cure.† Being aware is a way of making a step of preventing things to affect you. Although we don’t always have the control over things, but at least, having the knowledge of these kinds of things will lighten up the load and will help managing easier. These information ill help anybody know how things work especially to elders with dementia and other geriatric health conditions. BIBLIOGRAPHY/ REFERENCES Halura, M. (2002). Dementia in New Zealand: Improving Quality in Residential Care. Retrieved from http://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/healthreportdementia.pdf

Motion of the Earth :: physics earth spin

The Earth spins around an axis. The Earth takes (a bit more than) one day to go around once. This axis is pointing off somewhere in space. This axis (mostly) doesn’t move. At the same time, the Earth is orbiting the Sun. It takes (a bit more than) one year to go around once. The plane of the Earth’s orbit (mostly) doesn’t move. The spin axis of the Earth’s daily rotation is not perpendicular to the plane of the Earth’s orbit.It is tilted (approximately) 23.4 degrees. The angle of tilt (mostly) doesn’t change. Earth does not spin perpendicular to the plane it is tilted, the reason earth is tilted is because it got hit by meteoroids and other stuff when the planets first formed. Also it takes about 24 hours for one period of earth rotate. From that we get sunlight, half of our days. We can calculate easily how fast earth is spinning by 2πR(radius of the earth)/24 hours. but that is just speed of the equator of the earth. We have different spinning speed every different latitude. As we could see from above picture every latitude have different speed of spinning per hour. And speed of the earth spinning could effect on such as water reservoirs.We don't feel that because everything else is moving with us and because the motion is very, very smooth. Changes in the Earth's spin are measured in terms of length of days. A faster spin shortens the length of daylight. "Due to the reservoir effect," (Chao). "the day 40 years ago was longer than today by about 8 millionths of a second." More significant, he said, is the fact that the sporadic spacing of water reservoirs has changed the Earth's axis. Since 1940, water impoundment has pushed the axis of rotation about 60 centimeters away from the North Pole toward western Canada, said by Chao Also it effect on the direction of the wind and movement of the clouds. "Stars and planets form as a result of the gravitational collapse of accreting material. Any net translational motion of that initial material is accelerated as its radius of rotation decreases. Once an initial spin was established for the Earth, the same conservation principle says that its angular momentum will continue unless it can be transferred to another object. With no significant frictional forces to allow that to happen, the Earth can continue to spin indefinitely without any further prodding" said by Paul Walorski.

Cultural Event :: essays research papers

Scissors, Paper, Rock! For my first cultural event, I attended the University Performing Dancers rendition of â€Å"Scissors, Paper, Rock!†. This dance performance took place in University Hall here on campus. This performance is considered a cultural event because the game Rock, Paper, Scissors is an ancient game that many different cultures have claimed to invented.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the program handed out at the performance, Japan has claimed its origins in Janken or Roe, Sham, Boe (Rock, Paper, Scissors). The game is called Muk-chee Bah in Korea. Renditions of the hand game are also played in Indonesia, Austria, France, Canada, Yugoslavia, and elsewhere.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All these different cultures have claims to have invented the game, and it is such a popular game, somebody made a modern dance performance related to the certain aspects that Scissors, Paper, and Rock have. Scissors, cold, cutting, slicing. Paper, light, soft, airy. Rock, pebble, hard, stone. These are some of the adjectives the narrator used in the performance. There were six different dances in the performance, each one different in their own cultural way. Dances like â€Å"Oshun, Goddess of Love† were based on actual beliefs. Oshun is the goddess of the rivers, fertility, abundance, and love among the Yoruba people of Nigeria. The dance is a creative exploration of the meaning of Oshun as a force of nature. Other dances performed such as â€Å"Paper Moon† are attempts to shape the timelessness found in play, such as ritual, and performance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Different dances came from different cultures in this performance. As I had said before, â€Å"Oshun, Goddess of Love†, came from Africa. It arrived in America during the slave trade and has been here ever since. â€Å"Paper Moon† came from Japan. The text from the dance came from an adaptation from â€Å"Omoiyari†, which is an ancient Japanese dance ritual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dance is a part of every culture. Whether it is the fire dances of the native Hawaiians, or the Tango from Spain, dance is a part of every culture. This event is not an event I would usually attend. I am not into art of any kind except music. At first, there were two reasons I went to this performance.

Euthanasia Essay - Oregons Measure 16 For Assisted Suicide :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Oregon's Measure 16 For Assisted Suicide In passing the legislation known as Measure 16 in the state of Oregon, were there deceptions involved? Did the media play along with proponents of assisted suicide, denying media coverage to opposing viewpoints? What did proponents do immediately after passage of Measure 16? This paper will seek to satisfy these questions and others. Â   The "centerpiece" of the campaign to pass Measure 16 was a 60-second television ad featuring Patty A. Rosen (head of the Bend, OR chapter of the Hemlock Society and a former nurse practitioner). In it, Rosen urged the public to "Vote yes on 16" and gave an emotional personal testimonial to the illusion of slipping away peacefully after taking pills: "I am a criminal. My 25-year-old daughter, Jody, was dying of bone cancer. The pain was so great that she couldn't bear to be touched, and drugs didn't help. Jody had a few weeks to live when she decided she wanted to end her life. But it wasn't legally possible. So I broke the law and got her the pills necessary. And as she slipped peacefully away, I climbed into her bed and I took her in my arms [Rosen's voice cracks with emotion] for the first time in months...." (1) Â   A statement signed by Rosen also appeared in the Oregon Voters' guide, distributed just prior to the vote on Measure 16: "She [Rosen's daughter] took the necessary medication herself and I was there when she fell asleep for the last time." (2) But it turned out that Rosen's account was different than an earlier version of this "true story" which was so effective in promoting a "pills only" measure to the voters. (3) Two years earlier, during the campaign for California's ballot initiative -- which allowed for both pills and a lethal injection -- Patty Rosen, then Patty Fallon, told a far different version of her daughter's death: "So she went to sleep. I didn't know about plastic bags. I wish I had. Because...It seemed to be back firing. And I was fortunate enough at the very last to be able to hit a vein right.... [B]efore I could do that, the one son came into the room.... took his hands and held her veins for me.... I said, 'Oh God, she's startin' to breathe again.' And [the other son] said, 'I'll take a pillow. Euthanasia Essay - Oregon's Measure 16 For Assisted Suicide :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide Oregon's Measure 16 For Assisted Suicide In passing the legislation known as Measure 16 in the state of Oregon, were there deceptions involved? Did the media play along with proponents of assisted suicide, denying media coverage to opposing viewpoints? What did proponents do immediately after passage of Measure 16? This paper will seek to satisfy these questions and others. Â   The "centerpiece" of the campaign to pass Measure 16 was a 60-second television ad featuring Patty A. Rosen (head of the Bend, OR chapter of the Hemlock Society and a former nurse practitioner). In it, Rosen urged the public to "Vote yes on 16" and gave an emotional personal testimonial to the illusion of slipping away peacefully after taking pills: "I am a criminal. My 25-year-old daughter, Jody, was dying of bone cancer. The pain was so great that she couldn't bear to be touched, and drugs didn't help. Jody had a few weeks to live when she decided she wanted to end her life. But it wasn't legally possible. So I broke the law and got her the pills necessary. And as she slipped peacefully away, I climbed into her bed and I took her in my arms [Rosen's voice cracks with emotion] for the first time in months...." (1) Â   A statement signed by Rosen also appeared in the Oregon Voters' guide, distributed just prior to the vote on Measure 16: "She [Rosen's daughter] took the necessary medication herself and I was there when she fell asleep for the last time." (2) But it turned out that Rosen's account was different than an earlier version of this "true story" which was so effective in promoting a "pills only" measure to the voters. (3) Two years earlier, during the campaign for California's ballot initiative -- which allowed for both pills and a lethal injection -- Patty Rosen, then Patty Fallon, told a far different version of her daughter's death: "So she went to sleep. I didn't know about plastic bags. I wish I had. Because...It seemed to be back firing. And I was fortunate enough at the very last to be able to hit a vein right.... [B]efore I could do that, the one son came into the room.... took his hands and held her veins for me.... I said, 'Oh God, she's startin' to breathe again.' And [the other son] said, 'I'll take a pillow.

Music affect the growth of a plant Essay

Plant growth is the development of seeds of a plant, which might be surrounded by a protective and nutrient rich layer called the fruit, into plant tissue that includes roots, leaves, and the stem (along with all the cells and other things that this tissue is composed of) to create a fully functioning, living, multi-cellular, eukaryotic organism that lacks the ability to move (a plant). Their growth is affected by several factors that include soil moisture, soil pH, sunlight, nitrogen-content of the soil and more. If some these factors are affected in negative ways, then there can be some negative outcomes on the plant itself which could include death. Music might also be one of these affecting factors. In this experiment, two very young plants (pinto bean sprouts – Phaseolus vulgaris) will be planted at the same time and will have the same amount of everything; from sunlight to the amount of water they get daily. After they have grown a little and the stem has begun to emerge from within the cotyledons of the bean, they are then separated, and one plant sits in the peace and quiet as a control while the other is subjected to some serious loud music. If conditions are right, the music should stimulate the plants growth. Hypothesis If a pinto bean sprout (Phaseolus vulgaris) plant is grown in a quiet area and another pinto bean sprout is grown in an area with loud music playing, the plant in the area with music will grow to be much larger. The amount of growth will be measured with a metric ruler in centimeters Variables Independent Variables: Temperature, Light, Water: These three factors are equally distributed among both plants, so only variable that would affect plant growth is the music played. Type of Plant and soil: same type of bean sprout used for both plants as to ensure that there are no other variables other than the music being played for the plant along with the same type of garden soil Dependent Variables: The height of both plants after a day of one plant being exposed to silence and the other to music. Control of Variables: 1. Get to pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) to be grown that are identical to ensure no other affecting variables in this experiment other than the music being played. 2. Expose both plants to identical conditions of moisture, temperature, sunlight and have both of them grow in the same type of garden soil and they will be grown in containers with the same size as well. 3. For the plant being exposed to music, the same album is played over and over so the type of music is consistent. Materials and Method Materials 2 pinto bean sprouts (Phaseolus vulgaris) 180 ml of water 2 plant pots – top opening is 4 inch diamter 2x ‘500g’ of garden soil 500 watt stereo Metric Ruler Linkin Park Album – Hybrid Theory 100 ml graduated cylinder Method and Procedure 1. Take the 2 plant pots and fill them each with 500 g of garden soil 2. Then, take a pinto bean and plant it in each of the pots; plant each bean so that it is just barely submerged under the soil. 3. Then, take each pot to a different location, but a location in which both plants will be exposed to the same amount of sunlight, heat, etc†¦ 4. Then, just leave one plant in the serenity of its surroundings (it’s the control) and place the 500 watt stereo next to the other plant. Put the CD into the stereo and have the stereo play at about three-fourths its full volume and have it play next to the plant and have it play for a minimum of 7 hours next to the plant. Look at the diagram below for more information. 5. At noon give both plants 30 ml of water using the graduated cylinder. Do this again at 6 p. m. 6. The next day, note your observations and record your findings in a table. 7. Then feed the plants again and play the music for at least 7 hours and record the observations once more the next day. SETUP Data Collection and Evaluation Table: The effect of music on plant growth Day Plant without Music Plant with Music 1 The plant had sprouted and a small stem began to appear- 2 cm in length The plant had also sprouted and a stem larger than that of the other plant’s appeared- about 2. 47 cm 2 The plant continued to grow and the stem had reached a height of approximately 3. 22 cm. The plant’s stem also continued to grow but the stem had now reached a height of about 3. 85 cm Data Evaluation From the numbers and observations presented in the above data, that as time passed and the plants were closely monitored, the plant that had the music playing seemed to grow a lot more than the plant that grew in the quiet and serene environment; the quiet plant ended with a height of 3. 22 cm while the plant with music ended with a height of about 3. 85 cm. Conclusion and Evaluation Conclusion. In the above data, it is deciphered that plants that grow with music grow much more than plants that grow in a quieter environment. This all has to do with the fact that different factors affect or stimulate plants, and sound is one of them. And, from the data, sound is a positive stimuli as it increased plant growth in one of the plants. This verifies the hypothesis and, since there are other results on the internet as well to verify that music really does stimulate plants, the results are plausible and reliable. Limitations Not everything can go according to plan or as hoped and so these errors that occurred during the experiment provide a basis from which the experiment can be proved: 1. There was only one trial instead of several and the experiment in this one trial was over a 48 hour period and it should have been longer so that the true comparison of the difference between a plant grown with music and a plant grown without music can be easily made. 2. Only one type of music (rock) was used and so it is now unknown whether different kinds of music and sound also act as a different stimulus for the plant. Suggestions for Improvement To create a much better and more reliable experiment, the experiment should be carried on for about a 4 day period in order to acquire more results than can show the differences between plants with and without music. Then, there should be at least 3 different plants; one control, one with a type of music, and another with a different type of music. This then will help to go deeper and explore this stimulus of sound toward plants on different levels. This entire experiment should then be at least repeated one more time to ensure plausible results. Bibliography http://forums. gardenweb. com/forums/load/teach/msg0113244514471. html? /teach/msg0113244514471. html http://www. sproutnet. com/toc. htm http://www. gcagators. org/Activities/fair/jason/analysis. htm.

Measure for Measure by William Shakespeare Essay

â€Å"I am always directed by you† – Mariana â€Å"I am directed by you† – Isabella. Both these lines are addressed to the Duke. What do they suggest about women status in this play? What other evidence can you find to support your view? Measure for Measure is a play written by William Shakespeare in the seventeenth century which crucially presents the role of women. Women were viewed as pure and were not expected to be promiscuous, but dependent on men with few options or choices. Shakespeare’s interpretation of women in Measure for Measure very much reflects society’s opinion of women at the time, where men had more freedom and should be given more respect than women. The society at that time was a patriarchal one, where a male was a considered a God like figure and ultimately the leader, and below him was the king and then the nobles. However, although the society gave men more rights than women, Measure for Measure demonstrates that men also had more responsibilities. This is shown through the situation with Claudio and Juliet, as although they are both equally to blame for Juliet’s pregnancy, it is Claudio facing the death penalty. The women of Measure for Measure are generally quite low in the ranks of importance and respect; they are not spoken of with any importance. Juliet is the object of Claudio’s sexual release and Mariana is the long lost forgotten fiancee of Angelo, who was abandoned by him when she lost her dowry in a shipwreck. The only woman who kind of breaks the trend of the lowly women is Isabella, who has the courage to stand up to Angelo for her chastity. In the first half she is pushed between Angelo and Claudio while she decides what to do and refuses to respond Angelo’s advances, then in the second half, she takes her orders from the Duke which shows that on the other hand she is still obedient toward the Duke, following all of his instructions. In Act V, Scene 1, the Duke shows his opinion of women when talking to Mariana, he says: â€Å"Why, you are nothing then: neither maid, widow nor wife†. According to the Duke’s point of view, the other woman who truly is free is Mistress Overdone as she earns her own money and is able to get some freedom; at least she doesn’t have to stay at home cooking. The main female character in Measure for Measure is Isabella; she represents a very pure female character. This is first seen at the start of the play by the fact that she is training to become a nun and by the strong Christian values she appears to have. This is then emphasized later when she is told her brother’s life will be saved if he agrees to sleep with Angelo. She refuses this offer, placing her chastity and her Christian values above her own life. This illustrates that a woman’s purity is highly valued, while a woman being promiscuous is not accepted. Mariana is another female character in the play and she is quite different to Isabella. None of these three men, Angelo, Claudio or the Duke, seem to think that her Choice matters- her body is to be bargained for whether for lust, life or love. When the duke asks Mariana to allow him a private discussion with Isabella, she replies, â€Å"I am always bound to you†, as if she is speaking to an old friend. And again, when the duke tells her he respects her, she answers that she knows it and has found it to be true, suggesting a long-term relationship. This statement also shows that she is his subject. The adjective ‘bound’ means that she is obliged to do as he wishes and also compelled to do so. She uses the adverb ‘always’ to him which shows that she will always follow his example and will do his will in any condition. Her absolute trust is manifested when she agrees to entrust her chastity as the Friar asks. In the Jacobean society Shakespeare lived in, women would have always done as they were bid by order of men, but especially if the order was given by a man of religion. These words show the absolute compliance that the Duke is able to gain through becoming a disguise (pseudo-)friar. The Duke abuses this religious power to gain insight into people’s souls for his own ends. He knows that Angelo wishes Isabella to ‘give up the treasures’ of her body and uses the two women to gain more power over Angelo. The same applies to when Isabella says to the Duke, â€Å"I am directed by you†, this statement also shows how women respected men and how men were above in authority. As mentioned above, there are no independent women in Measure for Measure, this is not strange, considering the setting and Shakespeare’s own era; there are prostitutes and nuns who are given no chance to control their own lives most of all they seem to have no choice in any matter.

Hudson River: a Detailed and Comprehensive Geological History

Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Hudson River Formation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 Hudson Canyon†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Glacial History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 Maps & Diagrams†¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 19 Hudson Canyon†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 19 Geological Processes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 1|Page Introduction In 1872, a naturalist and surveyor by the name of Verplanck Colvin found the source of the Hudson River. It is a small pond on the south western slope of Mt. Marcy, the highest peak in the Adirondacks, called Lake Tear of the Clouds. So little is Lake Tear of the Clouds that if no water was to feed it for seven days it would be reduced to just an empty basin. Nevertheless, the Hudson starts right in its waters. One could say the Hudson River is divided into two distinct sections differentiated by geology and appearance.The first section winds its way through the Adirondack Mountains spanning 166 miles from Lake Tear of the Clouds to the Federal Dam in Troy. This section is un-navigable by boat and in some places somewhat rapid. The second section, which is quite different from the first, starts at the Federal Dam and runs for 149 miles through the â€Å"rolling hills† all the way to the Narrows between Brooklyn and Staten Island. Back up north at Lak e Tear of the Clouds is fed by natural springs and runoff from the sheer steepness of Mt. Marcy and other streams winding down from the high peaks of the Adirondacks.Throughout the whole Adirondack mountain range, the watershed drains and dumps runoff from 3,400 foot peaks into the lowlands less than 410 feet above sea level. From Lake Tear of the Clouds [in the space of a mile] the river drops 1,000 feet down a deep trench to join the Opalescent River1. A bit more southward, the Mohawk River drains much of the runoff from central New York into the Hudson. In fact, over half of the Hudson Rivers water volume comes from the Mohawk, and without it, the Hudson would be practically non-existent.Further south of Albany tributaries flow westward to the Hudson from the Taconic Mountains and eastward from the Catskills. Still further south the tributaries for the Hudson begin to appear rectangular, almost following the trend of the faults and 1 The Opalescent River is not a separate river f rom the Hudson but merely a section named by old Native American tribes. 2|Page ridges that run northeast to southwest of the river while other tributaries join at right angles to the faults along the joint planes.At this point in its path, the river begins to occupy its original bedrock gorge formed millions of years ago, flowing over rock ledge rapids and the coarse cobble point bars2 that are very common from Mt. Marcy to Glens Falls, until it is partially blocked by mountains. It is here that the river makes a sharp turn to the east and flows through the Luzerne Mountain gorge in western New York and then emerges quickly onto glacial lake sediments deposited in the Pliocene Glaciation and forms a very broad, almost meandering path on the lowlands (supported by shale) for the nearly 130 miles to Newburgh.South of Newburgh the river cuts laterally through the hard crystalline rocks of the Hudson Highlands, shifting back and forth in its valley (almost like a cradle) until it emerg es from the highlands and starts to exhibit fjord like characteristics within the towering rock walls around it. The river’s course then slightly curves in front of the Palisades escarpment3, which towers more than 328 feet above the water’s surface. At the Narrows the Hudson breaches its final barrier, the terminal moraine4 of the last glaciation (more on this in the Glacial History section) before it reaches the Atlantic Ocean.At the Atlantic (although tidal) the Hudson behaves as any other river would and deposits its bed load (sediments carried by the river) and some of the fine-grained suspended load (basically fine grained sand and dirt floating in the water) into the form of sandbars. Over millions of years, these have contributed to building up many islands including Staten Island, Hoffman Island, Swinburne Island and many others. The very low slope of the Hudson plays a great role in the amount of discharge and island buildup, too, as it only rises about 0. 4 inches per mile for the last 150 miles of the rivers path. To give some perspective, the Mississippi river rises approximately 6 inches per mile during its course, and discharges about 700 million tons of sediment per year into the Gulf of Mexico 2 Coarse cobble point bars are essentially pointed cobble that has been piled into bar like formations. These formations are generally formed when sediments carrying cobble leave it behind. 3 Ground formed into a steep slope as part of fortification. â€Å"Moraine† is a word used to describe the earth, stones and debris a glacier deposits. â€Å"Terminal† describes that these items were deposited where the glaciers maximum extent was, in this case Long Island. 3|Page and its mouth is approximately a ? -mile wide. The Hudson River discharges about 175 million tons of sediment per year and its mouth is about the same width at a ? mile. With a 2 inch increase in slope geologists predict the discharge rate of the Hudson would spik e up to about 450 million tons per year and the mouth of it would close up to about 250’ wide.This would place Manhattan underwater and greatly limit boat traffic as well as make Long Island more of a true island separated from land by at least 3 miles or so of water5. And so, the geography of the Hudson River today ends here in Manhattan, but the geology of what lies underneath is much more important. Continue reading if you must, and dwell into a mystery of time and a lot of pushing and pulling. 5 Do not worry about this happening now though because the rivers overall slope has not changed more than a centimeter in the last couple thousand years and shows no signs of speeding up. 4|Page Hudson River FormationThe Geology of the Hudson River is complex. Billions of years of folding, pushing, pulling, separating, and moving have formed, deformed and reformed the Hudson River valley into what it is today, a â€Å"giant palimpsest6, a great parchment on which the hand of nature has written and rewritten her bold signature for more than a billion years†7. In the next section, I am going to attempt to condense over a billion years worth of Geologic History into less than ten pages. Despite complex knowledge and strange words it is a simple story of time and rocks, moving and changing: the formation of the Hudson River and its valley.The Hudson’s geological â€Å"personality† very much reflects its structure and the changes made on it, underneath it and all around it from the Pleistocene glaciations8 . The bedrock foundation of the Hudson was established in the space of three oregany’s (mountain building periods) beginning over a billion years ago. These mountain-building episodes re-triggered long intervals of underground erosion and periodic submersion by the epicontinental seas (or oceans) to help start forming the Hudson River Valley. At a point much later in this story, glacial erosion reshaped the landscape of the HRV into wh at it appears as today.The first major mountain building episode, the Grenville Orogeny began about 1. 2 billion years ago. It was one of the biggest Oregany’s and affected a broad region along the coast of what was Ancient North America, from the northeast waters of Canada to northwestern Mexico. The mountains created by the Grenville Orogeny were most likely as tall as or taller than the Himalayas and were driven to these heights by a collision of Laurentia (Ancient N. America) and Gondwana (Africa) in which Gondwana overrode Laurentia. The deep burial of Laurentia resulted in the first 7 Written upon, or engraved on more than once. The Hudson: A History, Chapter 1: The River and the Land, pg. 10 8 A period of ice buildup to form glaciers, or the act of glaciation. 5|Page metamorphism, partial melting of rock and the separation of the light and dark minerals found in the Adirondack gneisses9. Many hundred thousand of years later in the Proterozoic period as the continents p eriodically moved, basaltic volcanic rocks merged into the mountains cutting the anorthosites10 and gneisses laterally across.These gneisses are around one billion years old, while the Highland gneisses may be a bit older. The Fordham gneisses are the youngest and can be dated to just under a billion years old. Over the millions of years, long episodes of erosion on the Grenville Mountains and constant lifting of the crust have brought it to the surface. Later in the Proterozoic period, erosion of this crust formed and provided a thick source of sedimentary deposits that partially submerged the upland area of coastal Laurentia (presently this is the area south of and parallel to the Appalachian Mountains).These deposits are now found mostly in the Appalachians, with almost all of them have been removed from the Hudson valley, leaving hard rock and clay for the Hudson River to rest on. In the early Paleozoic, the sand and gravel that was eroded from the mountains during the Proterozo ic period became basal sandstone and conglomerate11, which is more commonly known as the Potsdam Sandstone in northern NY and the Lower Quartzite that is prized throughout the Hudson Highlands.As the Epicontinental sea inundated this (once) mountainous region the sandstone and Lower Quartzite were buried under a thick cover of marine limestone and shale, which was laid down in an elongated trough that formed on the continental shelf where mountains had once been. The limestone was mostly deposited on the shallow edges of the trough while the shale solidified from the mud carried into the deeper seaward part of the trough. The solidified shale then created the bedrock between Glens Falls and the Highlands. 9Coarse, grained metamorphic rock composed of quartz, feldspar and mica. An igneous rock made up largely of soda-lime feldspar. 11 Rock composed of rounded fragments of various rocks cemented together in a mass of hardened clay and sand, like a composite. 10 6|Page In the Late Camb rian period,12 Laurentia once again collided, but this time with the ancestral core of Europe, Baltica and a large fragment of what is thought to be the continental crust known as Avalonia. This started the mountain building period known as the Taconic Orogeny, which lasted throughout the Ordovician Period.The Taconic Orogeny also resulted in the new supercontinent Laurasia. While much of the activity involving this collision took place well to the east it also affected the HRV. Island arc volcanic structures such as the Cortlandt Complex have been found in the Hudson Highlands. To the North and West in the mid-Hudson Valley, the sedimentary rocks that were deposited in the early Paleozoic Period were folded (with the trend of the folds and faults already in place) parallel to the southwest to northeast facing the Appalachians.These folds and faults eventually became some of the paths of the HRV tributaries. Closer to the coast than these faults, thin sheets of rock were pushed seve ral dozen miles west. This event is known as the Taconic Thrust and took place in the area where today exists the Taconic parkway. Because of this event, the fine-grained shale that was there was crumpled (as if we crumple paper) and pushed into the narrow channel of water west of the mountains near present day Croton. Over many years thereafter blocks of limestone into the channel and were merged into a jumble of shale clumps.Today millions of years later the river flows past the western edge of the channel and then cuts into the disorganized deposits of shale as it continues south. As we travel through time, sandstone, limestone, shale and Proterozoic bedrock from the Hudson Highlands became buried as Laurentia’s coastal margin was subducted13 close to where it and Europe’s plates met. The rocks that met each other from each plate partially melted and transformed into more gneiss, marble and schist14, which was then folded and moved once more to be in alignment 12 00 million years ago Subduction can be described as the action or process in plate tectonics of the edge of one crustal plate descending below the edge of another, almost like a controlled earthquake. 14 Schist is a metamorphic crystalline rock that has a closely foliated structure and can be split along approximately parallel planes. 13 7|Page with the Appalachians. This set the stage for the modern day continental shelf to form, although it would take millions of more years for it to happen. After the two plates of Europe and Laurentia collided, there was a sort of lull in activity around this area.This allowed streams in the lowlands to follow the valleys formed along the fault lines, or on the softer marble layers around Manhattan. The oceanic crust borders and the rocks around NYC and to the east more or less contained the streams around Manhattan, while the streams in the lowlands and around our area were free to roam and spread out. After the Taconic Orogeny ended, a long inter val of erosion began stripping away the excess crust as the â€Å"new† continent (modern North America, or Laurasia) was very slowly lifted by the compression of the plates.As the upland area was eroded away the epicontinental sea gradually filled the Hudson Valley region from the low lying land of the coastal margin all the way west nearly three-quarters of the way to Pittsburgh. Later during the Silurian and into the early Devonian period shallow seas covered the area and left behind calcium carbonate sediments making the soil very rich. At around the same time rivers formed and flowed from the uplands carrying major amounts of sediment west to the sea to form marine sandstone.While the marine sandstone was being formed, at the shoreline a large delta15 formed over the junk that the marine sandstone left behind. By the midDevonian period, an alluvial plain16 had reached across much the western Catskill region and the shoreline had shifted slightly west about 15 miles or so. At this time, thousands and thousands of feet of sediment from mid-Paleozoic times were piled up over the Hudson Valley and continental red sandstone (one reason why there is so much sandstone around here) from farther east inland were incorporated with the gray marine sandstone from the west closer to the coast.The force of all this happening at once overturned the folds that were in place to the northwest (near present day Schunemunk Mountain along the NYS thruway near Highland Mills) exposing the limestone that 15 A Delta is a triangular alluvial plain, usually where a rivers mouth is. A level or gently sloping flat or a slightly undulating land surface resulting from extensive deposition of alluvial materials by running water 16 8|Page was buried slightly underneath the sediment that had accumulated over the years. This marked the end of the Devonian Period, and the start of the Acadian Orogeny.The Acadian Orogeny began as the North American plates started to compress again and lift up the eastern mountain ranges around New England and western Pennsylvania. This Orogeny was also partially caused and linked to the collision that happened between Laurentia and Gondwana that created Laurasia, and most likely, if this Orogeny had not happened the Hudson River would be a completely different river, and possibly would be connected to the Mississippi River. As the plates began to compress each other again they created volcanic arcs and granite intrusions somewhat east of the Hudson Valley near the coast.Around this time in our little history story the seas started to retreat from the east to west and started to expose the incredibly thick layer of sediment and rocks from the Acadian Mountains all the way to the Catskills. The final compressions dating back to the Paleozoic era continents and the Alleghenian Orogeny now ended and the earth came together to form Pangaea. Because of all this land being pushed up, the Epicontinental Sea retreated from the Catskills to the Poconos in Pennsylvania leaving much of New York and New England dry once again.Now above sea level the strata from the Devonian period became subject to erosion for 250 million years. At some point during this time, the drainage patterns shifted and aligned the ancient Hudson River along a NorthSouth line much like it is today. This was the biggest directional change the Hudson ever underwent. As the strata and sediment were worn away from this new path of drainage, it revealed the granite, marble and schist underneath which became the building materials for our modern world.With the Taconic Mountains now more to the east and the Catskill Mountains to the west the Hudson worked its way down deep into the sediment it was on top of leaving behind a hard bedrock base nearly 5,000 feet deep in places17. This created a solid foundation and left the Hudson with a relatively stable path 17 Over the last several million years, and an Ice age this has all been filled in and now the H udson has an average depth of 32’. 9|Page that has not changed tremendously since. The breakup of Pangaea followed soon thereafter and the coastline of North America began to resemble what it is now.At the same time, the Hudson was filling its banks; basaltic magmas were merged along the fault lines and into the bedrock forming the Palisades Sill18. After that, compression and buildup of sediment and rock slowly built the Palisades up. Today the part of the Palisades that stands is almost like a canyon above the Newark Basin. The â€Å"tabular†19 Palisades still slope to the west, and the eastern edge forms the escarpment, or â€Å"palisade†20 21 of rock joined vertically that we recognize today from miles around New York and from the air as we fly to new places and heights.But to learn how, we must travel to another time in this story, the Mesozoic Period. Some time in the late Mesozoic period, igneous rock deposits were moved yet again and placed along a line going Northwest to southwest from Canada to New England lifting the mountains in its path by several hundred feet and in some cases over 1,000 feet. Because, as you might infer, rock takes up space, and as it lifted up the mountains and separated them, it started to separate North America’s continental plate away from the mid-ocean ridge22 and over a very hot area above the earth’s layer of magma near where the present day Appalachians exist.This caused what geologists think was a shot of magma that melted through that particular part of the plate (which was quite thinner than today) and uplifted the Northern part of the Appalachians. This, in turn reactivated erosion and brought the domed like anorthosites to the surface which is most likely the reason that the Appalachian Mountains are not scraggly and sharp like the Alps, but more rolling with large boulders and open expanses of rock. The Catskills and Adirondacks also experienced lifting, but in a much smaller amou nt. Almost at the same time as all this uplifting was happening, a 18 19Think of this as the palisades foundation. L. Sirkin & H. Bokuniewics – The Hudson River Valley: Geological History, Landforms, and Resources pg. 17. 20 L. Sirkin & H. Bokuniewics – The Hudson River Valley: Geological History, Landforms, and Resources page 17 21 Palisade literally means â€Å"a fence of stakes for defense† The Palisades are called the Palisades by Native American Tribes because they helped as defense for them from other tribes. 22 The mid-ocean ridge is a undersea mountain ridge that is where the North American and European plate meet. While this ridge has hardly ever changed, the plates do move.In this case it is the biggest moves it has ever made. 10 | P a g e hole began to form from sinkholes on the western slope of Mt. Marcy and soon filled with water. This was Lake Tear of the Clouds. After Lake Tear of the Clouds formed and filled with water, the Newark basin reached i ts fullest capacity of water and the Hudson began to â€Å"drive† into its flood plain and carve out its gorge in the gneisses of the Highlands of southern New York. This area is now mostly between West Point and Hastings on Hudson, but it continues as a much smaller â€Å"weaker† gorge almost down to Fort Lee.The Hudson was now a true river, but would still undergo massive changes over the next several million years. At this time in the Hudson River’s history, Long Island did not exist as what it does today. It was a tiny, almost alcove piece of land that was in no way an island. In addition to that, there was no opening to the Atlantic for the Hudson. At the place where the Hudson empties into the Atlantic at the Narrows was a big solid mass of land. The Hudson by definition was a lake. So, as the Hudson filled up and he water put immense pressure on the piece of landmass blocking it from the Atlantic it began to carve out and widen an outlet. It took only a f ew hundred years23 for the Hudson to make it to the Atlantic, bringing with it thousands upon thousands of tons of sediment that had piled up in the Newark Basin. This created the new continental shelf to form the coastal â€Å"plain† we see today that stretches for about a hundred miles out to sea from New York, only in that time and age it stretched for nearly 425 miles, nearly halfway to Bermuda.The Hudson now had an outlet, and the waters started moving south digging, and bringing sediment to the mouth building up Long Island a little bit24, as well as separating it from the mainland with what is now the East River. The sea levels around North America also dropped a few centimeters as the waters made their way up the Hudson forming the Hudson River estuary. This raised the Hudson’s waters by a few centimeters and created its almost permanent banks that have 23This is an extremely short time in geologic history and greatly shows how much the pressure was on the land mass blocking the Hudson from the Atlantic. 24 Although Long Island did get built up at this time, the majority of it was built up during the last ice age nearly 20,000 years ago. 11 | P a g e not changed very much since. Because the sea levels were much lower in that time period the Hudson also began its excavation of the Hudson Canyon with the help of the naturally occurring currents (more on this in the Hudson Canyon section) and more than doubled its length to nearly 895 miles (about 1,440km) long.After nearly 500 million years the Hudson rivers formation had ended and all that was left to change it was its own water wearing away at its bottom and a glaciation that would come in a few million years. Hudson Canyon The Hudson Canyon is possibly the biggest mystery of the Hudson River. How did it form? When exactly did it form? Why did it form? These are all questions geologists and hydrologists ask when looking at it. Most people in fact have never heard of it. To them the Hudson is a river that starts in the Adirondacks and ends at the narrows.To the few that know of the Hudson Canyon, the Hudson River starts in the Adirondacks and ends nearly 925 miles south halfway to Bermuda right after falling over a half mile down a [now] underwater canyon and then fanning out and spreading to the Atlantic Ocean. There, even though underwater it still carries small amounts of the Hudson’s freshwater (out to sea), and most geologists still consider it a part of the Hudson. This makes the true length of the river from Lake Tear of the Clouds to the end of the Hudson Canyon 922 miles, more than double of what we consider the â€Å"Hudson†.As explained in the last section (Hudson River Formation) in the late Mesozoic Period the Hudson River broke the land barrier that held it from emptying into the Atlantic. When it broke the barrier it began to carve a new path out to sea towards Bermuda. At some point, it reached the Continental Shelf and dug into it creati ng a canyon that eventually connected the shelf to the ocean basin, which is about 1. 5-2. 5 miles deep. Technically the canyon begins as a natural channel many miles wide at the mouth of the Hudson in a depression about 12 feet deep in the rivers bed. It 12 | P a g e ontinues then through the Hudson channel and under the Ambrose light25. Soon after the Ambrose light, it reaches the shelf and goes through the real canyon part of it that is called the Hudson Canyon proper. The Hudson Canyon proper is located about 100 miles east of Battery Park City and has walls almost ? mile in height, which can be compared to the Grand Canyon whose cliffs are about 1-1/8 mile deep. The Hudson Canyon is the largest â€Å"submarine† canyon in the United States, partially due to the currents that pass over, and carrying away sediment and rock, thus carving it deeper and deeper.Over the past 30 years since it was discovered, tracking equipment has logged a nearly 12-inch change in its depth and width making the Hudson Canyon also the fastest growing canyon in the Atlantic Ocean. At the same time it is growing wider and deeper, it is also getting closer to the magma underneath and behind the continental shelf. In simple terms, one day in the next couple hundred or thousand years it will break through and magma will come out creating a new island, possibly connecting the East Coast of the United States with a land bridge that extends more than halfway to Bermuda.Many tributaries around the canyon would be raised by the magma, creating a new network of rivers and streams on the land bridge that could host many kinds of wildlife as well as marsh like environments. In addition to this, the Hudson Canyon has large stores of methane hydrates which according to scientists is a very promising clean burning natural energy source, and could help reduce oil consumption. It is a Canyon of great importance to the Hudson River, and also a big clue into the Glacial history surrounding th e HRV. 25The Ambrose light is the site of a Light House that ships going into the New York Harbor and other harbors in the area use for navigation purposes. 13 | P a g e Glacial History The Glacial History of the Hudson River is probably the one of the most important geological event that happened in the Hudson Valley in the last 50,000 years. Evidence points mostly to the Pleistocene Glaciation, which was the last and only Glaciation to reach this far south into the United States for the change that happened on the Hudson River since it was originally formed.The topography of the Hudson Valley enabled the ice from the Pleistocene Glaciation to form a Lobate Ice margin26 about 50 miles north what is now Manhattan long island. Around 22,000 years ago the Ice over the Catskills and Taconic uplands thinned, while it thickened in the Hudson Valley and expanded southward closer to the mouth of the Hudson. Scientists today doing Pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating have found that the c limate back then right before, and as the last Ice age started was much warmer than today. As one can expect, warmer conditions meant more plants, and the sea level was much higher than today27.When the climate cooled and the Glaciers expanded south all these trees, plants and debris were ground down and immense pressure pushed them into the ground, almost dissolving them into dirt. This not 26 Lobate means resembling of a lobe. In this context it is used to describe the shape of the edge of the Glacier, or its maximum extent which was a short of lobe shape. 27 Evidence shows that the waters might have been as far north Albany. 14 | P a g e only made the area much more barren, but also flattened the Adirondacks, and Hudson Highlands down many thousands of feet.The glacier continued to expand 26,000 years ago and merged with smaller glaciers up north to form one big glacier known as the â€Å"Laurentide Glacier†28. This Glacier covered all of Ontario, the St. Lawrence River, M anitoba, Nunavut, and parts of Quebec, as well as the Great lakes down to Chicago where it almost ran parallel to the US/Canada border before dipping slightly down towards present day Manhattan and following the coast of the US up north. At the height of this glaciers advance the ice most likely was more than 1,000 feet thick over the tops of the Appalachians (if you do the math this means that it was over 1. miles deep) meaning immense pressure was being placed on everything flattening the landscape. This also meant that because there was so much pressure, and the water of the Hudson never froze 100%29 the Hudson’s waters literally pushed the earth and carved the floor of the Hudson to a depth similar that of what it was before it broke its barrier at the Narrows. 30 The dirt being compressed turned back into soft metamorphic rock, and created marble where none existed near Warrensburg.A few miles south at Glens Falls the Ice naturally deepened because of the drop in elevati on and gained momentum31 carving out the fjord previously made even bigger, which created Storm King, Beacon and Bear Mountain. All this rock carved out of the Fjord eventually made its way south where it was dumped over Manhattan and Long Island, somewhat accounting for all the Limestone and shale and schist around that area. At this time, the Hudson Canyon was also carved out by the glacial ice melt flowing through it with rocks and debris and became much deeper and wider.When the Laurentide glacier made it to the Narrows its front stopped moving forward, but its back kept on moving forward compressing everything together (Like an accordion) and melting a lot of the ice. Why this happened is not really known by Scientists because glaciers can float. This area became the Glaciers â€Å"dumpster† and the Terminal Moraine was officially formed. Long Island was 28 29 Yes, it was named after Laurentia, ancient North America. Meaning the whole time there was a glacier over this a rea, the Hudson was still flowing but now mostly with ice melt from the glacier itself. 0 Of course this all filled back in as the glacier melted. 31 A glacier is always moving, whether it is 1 foot a year or 1 inch a year. 15 | P a g e built up and out to its current state and the Moraine extended west into New Jersey and Pennsylvania, carrying with it glacial melt creating many of the glacial lakes in that area such as Lake Hackensack, Glacial Lake Hudson and many others. Clay also being carried was dumped all over the region (mostly on the current Rockland County side) and created a nice thick, slippery layer on which the glacier to slide on.This process of dumping and melting continued for many thousand years and started the recession of Laurentide. In a 2,000 year period from 26,000 years ago to 24,000 years ago Laurentide melted and receded so that all of Long Island, Staten Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and pretty much everything south of present day Hartford Connecticut w as ice free. The Ice continued to melt over the next 4,000 years until everything south of Glens Falls was free of ice. The ground, sort of like a sponge when you fill it with water, rose a few meters and went nearly back to its state before the glacier.At Glens falls The glacier stopped for a thousand or so years and slowly melted providing the Hudson valley with a constant stream of fresh glacial water. Around 19,000 years ago the glacier started to recede from Glens Falls and the melt water created Glacial Lake Albany which continued to grow throughout the next several thousand years as Laurentide receded. At 15,500 years the Climate suddenly got cold and the glacier advanced back south to near Poughkeepsie and created the Wallkill, Poughkeepsie, Red hook, Hyde Park ad Pine Plains moraine.As suddenly as the Climate got cold, it got warm again and by 13,000 years the glacier was receded north of present day Quebec City. When the climate got warmer again the sea levels rose, this t ime to near Albany, and caused Glacial Lake Albany to drain. For the next couple thousand years as the climate cooled, the Hudson was tidal up to Poughkeepsie and as the Sea retreated. This brought the tides down with it to near Peekskill where it stayed for many thousands of years until around 6,000 years ago it began to go north to nearly 20 miles past Troy32 by 2,000 years ago the sea was at its present place, and the Hudson was in its present 2 The exception to this is the Troy Dam; if it wasn’t built the Hudson would still be tidal nearly 20 miles north of it. 16 | P a g e state. Long Island was as it is now, and the coast was pretty much the same besides what natural erosion as taken away since then. This was the final Glaciation, and the final change to the Hudson River. After nearly 1. 2 billion years, several different Oregany’s, Hundreds of changes, 4 different climate changes and a whole lot of pushing and pulling and moving the Hudson River was finished bei ng formed and all it needed was for Henry Hudson to come sailing to name it†¦. ConclusionIf you have gotten this far along into this history story then you will know that the Hudson River didn’t just appear, it doesn’t formally end at the Narrows between Brooklyn and Staten island and it isn’t just a river. It is the culmination of 1. 2 billion years (and counting) of the earth doing its shtick33 on the world we live on. It took 7 different continents to pull this off, and it worked out beautifully creating a river of outmost importance to our lives, lives before us, and lives to come. I like most of you out there reading this paper did not know a thing about the Geology of the Hudson River when I started this project.It probably took me a proportionate amount of time to learn this as it did to create the whole Hudson. Now, after early 3 months of reading words I don’t know, looking at diagrams I can’t even understand and writing technical ter ms that I can’t pronounce I have learned what it took, and takes to create the Hudson. Like they say, it takes a village to raise a child; it took a whole world and 1. 2 billion years to create this river, a river of small nature compared to others around us such as the Nile, or Amazon which are nearly 5 times the length of the Hudson and took a very disproportionate amount of time to create. 3 â€Å"Piece†, or â€Å"thing† in Yiddish 17 | P a g e So, as I leave you with this 20 page Essay, think about the next time you go to the Hudson and pick up a handful of sand, and know, just know that that handful of sand has been moved around for 1. 2 billion years to end up at your feet. Bibliography L. Sirkin & H. Bokuniewics (2006) – The Hudson River Valley: Geological History, Landforms and Resources Wikipedia (http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Hudson_Canyon&oldid=453958227) – Hudson Canyon Data SIO, NOAA, U. S.Navy NGA, GEBCO (2010)  œ Google Earthâ„ ¢ United States Geological Survey (USGS) (2004) – Sea Floor Topography & Backscatter Intensity of the Hudson Canyon Region Offshore of New York & New Jersey (http://pubs. usgs. gov/of/2004/1441/html/interp. html) Phil Stoffer & Paula Messina (2008) – Introduction to the Geologic History of the New York Bight (http://www. geo. hunter. cuny. edu/bight/Geology. html) Phil Stoffer & Paula Messina (2008) – The Highlands Region (http://www. geo. hunter. cuny. edu/bight/highland. html) R. G.Wilkins Booth (1970) – The Ontario Water resources commission Geology of the upper part of the Severn River basin and the Severn River basin lying within the Hudson River Lowlands. Steven H. Sehimmrich – Geology of the Hudson Highlands Region (www. environmentalconsortium. org) Access Genealogy – Geology of the Hudson (http://www. accessgenealogy. com/newyork/hudson/geology_hudson. html) Charles Merguerian (2010) – Geology 133 Field Tr ip 18 | P a g e Dick Goodman (2013) – Geologist in California, gave much information and advice on this project United States Navy Geological Services (2013) – Maps, Graphs Bradford B.Van Diver (1985) – Roadside Geology of New York John F. Shupe (1996) – National Geographic Atlas of the World Revised sixth edition Kevin Hile (2009) – The Big Book of Answers Tom Lewis (2005) – The Hudson: A History Maps 19 | P a g e The maps presented here on the next couple of pages are all ones used in this essay as reference. They are from many different sources and show many of the things I talked about, visually. Hudson Canyon 20 | P a g e 21 | P a g e 22 | P a g e Geographical Diagrams 23 | P a g e 24 | P a g e 25 | P a g e