Hinduism and Marriage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hinduism and Marriage - Research Paper Example It is essentially the way in which souls of the life partners are related. In a Hindu marriage, the two partners may exchange their respective roles as per the demand of the situation i.e. a husband may play the role of a wife and vice versa. Occasionally, the two partners part ways for some time until they are reunited after a life or two. The three fundamental objectives of a Hindu marriage in the right order are â€Å"dharma, praja (progeny) and rati (pleasure)† (Sociology Guide, 2011). Marriage in Hinduism is not only a dharma i.e. an obligation but is also the samskara i.e. sacrament. Every Hindu should marry unless he/she has adopted the lifestyle of a sanyasi. â€Å"It is an essential aspect of the four ashramas (brahmacharya, grihastha, vanaprastha and sanyasa) and the four aims (purusharthas) of human life, namely, dharma, artha (wealth), kama (sensuous pleasures ) and moksha (salvation)† (Jayaram, 2010). Her life as a maiden terminates as a Hindu woman enters into a marital relationship. After marriage, the girl has to live with her in-laws in their home and leave the parents’ home. The relationship with parents after marriage becomes minimal and quite formal. Accordingly, many Hindu women become mentally disturbed until they completely accept and are completely accepted by the husband as well as his family. In its early stages, the marriage can both make and break. The early days in the husband’s home hold a special significance to the bride because the impression she casts upon the in-laws in these days remains associated with her throughout the life. Marriage in Hinduism can be classified into five types ranging from the traditional arranged marriages to forced marriages. In a vast majority of cases, marriage takes place with due consent of the bride, the groom and their relatives. Factors that are of primary importance in case of the arranged marriages in Hinduism include but are not limited to the natal charts, caste, gotra i.e. kinship, financial status, looks, and character. Marriages between cousins may or may not be a norm depending upon the region. In Southern India, it is normal for an individual to marry a cousin. In ancient times, a widowed Hindu woman was allowed to marry the brother of the deceased husband because of progeny. In olden days, polygamy was common in Hindus but it is almost non-existent in the contemporary Hindu society. There has been an increase in love marriages among Hindus over the passage of time, though their acceptability depends upon the caste, financial status and several other factors discussed before. Couples that break the norms and marry without due consideration to caste have to bear social pressure both within and outside the family. However, as more and more people are getting education in the urban setting, they have started to become liberal which is the fundamental cause of increase in the love marriages among Hindus. The dowry system is a potential evil of the Hindu marriage. Quite often, the bridegroom and his relatives demand dowry worth millions of dollars irrespective of the financial status of the bride’s parents. In a male dominated society, such people take marriage for an event in which they can cash the fact that they parent a man. If the bride’s family can not come up to their expectations regarding dowry, the mother-in-law and the husband subject the bride to numerous hardships and may even burn her to death.

Significant quotes of the puritans Essay Example for Free

Significant quotes of the puritans Essay 1. â€Å"I can remember the time when I used to sleep quietly without workings in my thoughts, whole nights together, but now it is other ways with me. † Author: Mary Rowlandson, from The Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson The work, published in 1682, is an important one in that it chronicles Mary Rowlandson’s capture and subsequent captivity by Indians. Her tale is at once frightening and enlightening. This phrase highlights the problems she encounters when she is finally brought back to her home. It clearly signifies the loss of her innocence and trust (not only in her fellow man but the British soldiers who were unable to get her back) and the hard reality of life wherein one must always be alert for signs of danger. The experience of her captivity forever changed her and she was never able to forget the atrocities she suffered. 2. â€Å"Heav’ns whelmed-down Crystal meal Bowl†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Author: Edward Taylor, from Meditation 8. This work is an excellent example of the type of â€Å"metaphysical poetry† which was a popular writing form of England in the 1600’s although it was written by an American Puritan. The author took a religious concept and used vivid, often strange, imagery to portray his vision of religion, God and heaven. Whelmed-down refers to the hollowed-out shape of a drain and the phrase elicits an image of a giant crystal bowl turned upside down in the skies. 3. â€Å"And ever with your prey still catch your praise† Author: Anne Bradstreet, from The Prologue. Considered â€Å"The Gentlewoman of New England†, Anne Bradstreet was the first professional poet in the new world. She wrote often of politics and religion in her rhyming poetry although she was not considered to have a wealth of talent. It is astonishing to note that most of her poetry was written while she was in her 20’s and responsible for maintaining a household in the harsh conditions of Andover as well as being the young wife to a husband involved in matters of church and state in Massachusetts.

The Raising of the Age You Can Get Your Drivers License Essays

Should the age to receive a driver's license be raised and, if not, should graduated licensing be instituted? This is a growing question across America as well as other countries around our globe. The percentage of teenage accidents involving automobiles is on a constant rise. Whether caused by the lack of experience or under the influence of alcohol, death has become all too common among teen motorists. This problem is not going to go away by itself; action needs to be taken. The state must raise the age requirement to receive a license or institute graduated licensing because teens are not mature enough to handle the dangerous responsibilities of driving. We allow teens to get their licenses at an earlier age than in most countries, and little driving experience typically is required before licenses are issued. This is not very smart on our part considering that according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 16 year olds have the highest percentage of crashes-involving speeding, the highest percentage of single vehicle crashes, the highest percentage of crashes with driver error, and the highest vehicle occupancy (NHTSA ). Compared with older drivers, teenagers as a group are more willing to take risks and less likely to use safety belts. Many experts blame the young teens immaturity, impulsiveness, and lack of proper training and experience as contributing factors to the high rate of teen involved accidents. Teens don't need to be victims of there driving inexperience. During 1975-96 the death rate among 16 year-old drivers was trending upward. The rate increased from 19 per 100,000 in 1975 to 35 per 100,000 in 1996, and this increase occurred in both males and females. The number of 16 year old driver... ...the teen turns 18 a full license could be obtained if the driver has completed at least 12 months with an intermediate license and has no accidents or violations (Vehicle choice). Driving is a privilege, and should be treated as such. Too many people treat driving like a constitutionally protected right; driving is too serious an activity to be placed in the hands of teenagers who do not know what they are doing, regardless of how much training teens may receive. Raising the required age to receive a driver license or instituting graduated licensing is a must if the United States wants to save the lives of teenagers. This would also lower the number of teen involve accidents that occur every day. Driving is a huge responsibility for persons of any age and the choices that are made by teen drivers could make the teen years the best of times or the worst of times.

Nursing Care Plan of a Patient with Embolic CVA Essay

Summary of Admission History and Progress Notes: 67-year-old male has a history of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy with ejection factor of 24%, chronic left ventricle thrombus on anticoagulant, hypertension, metastasis of prostate cancer, chronic kidney disease stage 3. Patient was admitted to UCSD emergency department on 08/20 after falling down stairs. Patient presented confused but conscious. Upon presentation in the ED he had left face, left arm, and left leg weakness. After MRI and cerebral angiogram, findings were conclusive to a right-sided embolic CVA. Echocardiogram revealed apical ventricular thrombus. Patient presented to ED on Coumadin therapy with INR at 3.1. Patient was not a candidate for thrombolytic therapy. He continued on Coumadin and aspirin 81 milligrams was added. Left-sided weakness resolved within one to two days. Cardiologist at UCSD recommends Cardiac Thrombectomy to prevent further strokes. Neurologist recommends endovascular intervention to prevent future embolic strokes though not during an acute episode. Patient was held at UCSD ED for permissive hypertension during acute stroke. Patient complained of cough with green phlegm over the past few days; chest x-ray findings of no local infiltrate. Pathophysiology: Embolic cerebral vascular accident (CVA); stroke   Etiology/Risk factors: Risk factors include a history of transient ischemic attack, hypertension, elevated serum cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, smoking, cardiac valve diseases, anticoagulant therapy, oral contraceptive use, methamphetamine use, aneurysm, or previous stroke (Swearinger, 2012). Pathophysiology: A stroke is caused by disruption of oxygen supply to the brain by either thrombotic occlusion, embolic occlusion or cerebral hemorrhage. Most thrombotic strokes are the result of atherosclerosis. Plaque formation builds to the point of blockage in the large blood vessels that deliver blood to the brain. Most embolic strokes are caused by a cardiac emboli resulting from cardiac valve disease or atrial fibrillation. The carotid artery feeds the main blood vessels of the brain, therefore cardiogenic emboli have a direct path to the brain (Swearinger, 2012). S&S: Signs and symptoms vary depending on severity and side of brain affected. Symptoms may improve within 2 to 3 days as cerebral edema decreases. Patient may appear apathetic, irritable, disoriented, drowsy or comatose; incontinence may occur; unilateral weakness or paralysis may occur; headache, neck stiffness or rigidity may be present. The patient may have difficulty chewing or swallowing and may present with unequal or fixated pupils (Swearinger, 2012). Diagnostics: Time is critical in diagnosing the type of stroke a patient has experienced. A patient is no longer eligible for rTPA if the critical window of 3 hours from last seen normal has expired. CBC, electrolytes, blood glucose and clotting factors should be drawn immediately in order to determine eligibility for rTPA. An MRI will reveal the site of infarction and other brain structure abnormalities related to cause and effect of the CVA. An MRI may take as long as an hour to complete. While a CT scan is generally a diagnostic tool of choice in many emergency situations due to the rapid process, ischemic areas will not show in the CT imaging until they start to necrose 24 – 48 hours after the CVA (Swearinger, 2012). Complications: Complications include recurrence of CVA, paralysis, aspiration, depression, falls, and coma. Chronic left ventricle thrombus on anticoagulant: Anticoagulant therapy is prescribed to prevent increased formation of existing thrombi. Outside of the hospital environment, the anticoagulant of choice is usually warfarin because it may be taken PO. When the therapeutic range of warfarin is achieved patient’s INR will be 2.5-3.5. Cardiogenic trombi are the result of the heart’s inability to effectively ejecting blood after managed daily living, therefore the blood becomes stagnant and begins to clot (Deglin , Sanoski , & Vallerand, 2013). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 3 is marked by a GFR 30-59 mL per minute (Bladh, et. al., 2013). CKD is a progressive and irreversible disorder. Aggressive management of Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus, both of which are common contributing risk factors, may slow progression. Eventually CKD can progress to end-stage renal failure (ESRD). Before development of ESRD, a person with CKD can still manage normal daily living through diet and medication (Swearinger, 2012). Diagnostic Tests, Results and Rationales: Diagnostic Tests Results Rationales MRI Several areas of restricted diffusion within right MCA region; consistent with acute embolic infarcts MRI images differentiate between acute and chronic lesions. Ischemic strokes can be identified early. Site of infection, hematoma, and cerebral edema can be viewed through MRI (Swearinger, 2012) Cerebral angiogram Right MCA stroke, right internal artery non-flow limiting dissection with associated pseudo-aneurysm; right superior trunk M3 occlusion Identify presence of hematoma in stasis of blood vessels after a rupture (Swearinger, 2012) Chest x-ray Negative for infiltrate A presence of infiltrate could indicate pneumonia or heart failure (Swearinger, 2012) Echocardiogram Severely depressed left ventricular ejection factor; apical ventricular thrombus Assess ventricular and valvular function of the heart, ejection fraction, and hemodynamic measurements (Swearinger, 2012) Cerebrovascular carotid duplex Low flow right ICA; bilateral proximal ICA right 9.5 mm, left 5.5 mm; no significant stenosis; vertebral arteries patent with antegrade flow Evaluation of carotid arteries to detect occlusions three-dimensional visualization providing information on circumference, length, and thickness of plaque volume (Swearinger, 2012)

One Nation under Wal-Mart Essay

82% of American households purchase at least one item from Wal-Mart every year. Wal-Mart controls about 30% of the market in household staples. Sells 15% of all magazines and 15%-20% of all CDs, videos and DVDs. It is expected to control over 35% of U.S. food sales. When comparing other companies that sell consumer products, Wal-Mart represents a big chunk of their total business: 20% for Dial, 24% for Del Monte, and 23% for Revlon. Wal-Mart is responsible for 10% of all goods imported to the United States from China. Wal-Mart offers the lowest prices in all of their products, because of the cost efficiency it has achieved. Wal-Mart’s buying power and cost-saving efficiencies force local rivals out of business, thus costing jobs, disrupting communities, and injuring established business districts. Within 5 years after one Wal-Mart opening, two local supermarkets close. Because of Wal-Mart tax breaks, it causes the local tax revenue to decrease and not increase. Wal-Mart is staunchly anti-union and pays low wages. Its labor cost are 20% lower than those of unionized supermarkets; its clerks earns only $8.23 an hour, and most of its 1.4 million employees must survive without company health insurance. Employee turnover is 44%. Because of its size, it exerts a downward pressure on retail wages and  benefits throughout the country. Because of its hard line on costs, it has forced many factories to move overseas, which sacrifices American jobs and holds wages down. Government welfare programs subsidize Wal-Mart’s poverty-level wages. 200 employee store costs the government $42k a year in housing assistance, $108k in children’s healthcare, and $125k in tax credits and deductions for low-income families. 46% of the children of Wal-Mart’s 1.33 million workers are uninsured or on Medicaid. Wal-Mart hires mores part-time employees and discourages unhealthy people from working at the store by requiring all jobs to include some physical labor in order to reduce spending on health care and other benefits. Wal-Mart does not carry music or computer games with mature ratings, forcing big music companies to supply them with sanitized versions of the CDs. Wal-Mart offers fire arms in many locations but has declined to sell Preven, a morning after pill. Wal-Mart has declined to sell some magazines and has put binder to obscure the covers of other magazines. Wal-Mart is considered â€Å"the biggest barrier to growth†. Wal-Mart decide to respond to all the criticism by improving employee health insurance coverage and adopting greener business practices. Wal-Mart was one of the first responders to Hurricane Katrina by sending truckloads of water and food reaching the residents before federal supplies did. Wal-Mart sales growth has slipped as the internet has changed people’s shopping habits and as other discounters have done a better job of attracting affluent consumer and providing higher quality and better service. 2. Ethical Issues Is it ethical and moral for Wal-Mart to make profit maximizing and cost effectiveness their number one goal? Is it moral to only hire part-time employees to decrease their health care spending? Is it moral or ethical to sell firearms but decline to sell the morning after pill? Is it moral for Wal-Mart not to provide fair wages to the employees? Is it moral for Wal-Mart to take advantage of government welfare program for subsidization? Should there be a requirement for large companies to employ a certain percentage of full-time employees? Does Wal-Mart have a moral responsibility of helping the communities grow? Is it moral or ethical for Wal-Mart to not  provide adequate health care to its employees? Is it moral for Wal-Mart to insist on tax breaks at the expense of the local community tax revenues decreasing? Should we as citizens enable these large companies by accepting jobs that pay poorly and offer no health insurance? Is it moral for Wal-Mart not to value the life and well-being of their employees and families? Is it ethical for Wal-Mart to be customer-oriented and not employee-oriented? Is it ethical for corporation like Wal-Mart to be held to higher standards to provide a better living standard to the employees and the community? Should a company of a certain size be required to offer health insurance? Should large companies that get tax breaks be forced to contribute to the community in other ways? 3. Primary Stakeholders Wal-Mart itself U.S. economy Consumers across U.S. Employees Shareholders Other companies and its employees Local communities Government Suppliers Other countries 4. Alternative Actions Wal-Mart should either pay their employees higher wages or provide health care regardless of the hours worked. Wal-Mart should maximize profits and at the same time look out for the well-being of the employee. Require a company the size of Wal-Mart to give back to the community if it wants to open a store. Try to establish a bill requiring large companies to maintain the majority of its employees as full-time where benefits can be offered. Cities or counties should not offer tax cuts to businesses that could  ³disrupt the community. Wal-Mart needs to establish a more competitive pay and better benefits program for their employees. Wal-Mart should keep doing what they are doing. It has been effective so far in becoming the largest company in  the world, why change it? 5. Ethics of the Alternatives Alternative 1 Wal-Mart should keep doing what they are doing. It has been effective so far in becoming the largest company in the world and among the most profitable ones, why change it? Utilitarian Perspective Utilitarian perspective would not support this idea. This idea seeks out to produce the greatest good for the company itself and not everyone person or business affected. Wal-Mart is seeking out the best for the company and one else. In order to be supported it would have to be the greatest good for Wal-Mart and everyone affected by this decision and or actions of the business. Deontological or Rights Perspective Deontological perspective would not support this alternative in any way. This is an alternative that treats people as a means to an end. It does not recognize the value and importance of the employees, and only values the company itself and the profits that can make. This is not a good way of conducting business and would never be accepted as a universal rule. Egoism Egoism perspective would support this alternative. Wal-Mart is basically doing what is best for the company and the shareholders, which is their primary duty. They are the largest company in the world and immensely profitable. Even with all the opposition it faces it is still one of the prefer companies for many consumers to their one stop shop. They offer the best and lower prices and customers are able to find everything they need for their households in just one stop. Wal-Mart is here to make profit and stay in business, this is their goal. Alternative 2 Wal-Mart should either pay their employees higher wages or provide health care regardless of the hours worked. Utilitarian Perspective Utilitarian perspective could support this alternative. It would have to be seen as being the greatest good for both Wal-Mart and the employees. If Wal-Mart raises the wages or offer the employees’ healthcare benefits, this will have benefits for both. The employee will be happy and will feel valued and appreciated by the employer. In turn the employees will have job satisfaction and their job performance will be good. This will help to the growth and success of the company. With happy employees helping potential customers, it can ensure good sales and thus increase their profit. Deontological or Rights Perspective Deontological perspective would support this alternative. This alternative seeks out the benefits of the employees. It takes into consideration their value as a human and show respect. By Wal-Mart implementing such policy in the company they are saying to the employees that we value and want to right by you. Every employee is a valuable asset to the company and key to its success. This alternative treats the employees as ends and not as the means to end. Egoism This alternative would not be supported by egoism. With this alternative Wal-Mart seeks to offer the best solution possible to their employees. They can either increase their wages so the employees are able to have a better standard of living or offer healthcare regardless of hours worked. This would ensure the well-being of each employee. 6. Practical Constrains Finding the right piece of property to build the store Government regulations The company’s responsibilities to the shareholders and to make profit Ability to offer the lowest prices American products too expensive to sell in the store Cost of being in business 7. Actions to be taken Wal-Mart should change their current employee benefits program and offer a  better and more competitive pay. This would allow for employees and their families to have a better standard of life It would help by possibly increasing the retail wages among other businesses Wal-Mart should participate in community events and give back to community Wal-Mart should hold meetings in communities where they are looking to build and hear the citizen concerns and find solutions so it is of benefit for both.

Exploding Mentos Drink

Exploding Mentos Drink A friend sent me a link to a Wired how-to project called The Manhattan Project in which you freeze a Mentos candy into an ice cube and place it in a carbonated drink. When the ice cube melts, the wax surrounding the candy will be exposed and the drink should erupt. Does it work? Lets find out. Exploding Mentos Drink Ingredients The drink in the original recipe called for whiskey, sweet vermouth, and bitters (basically a Manhattan plus diet cola), but you can make a rum and coke or whatever you like or just try the non-alcoholic version using two ingredients: diet colaa Mentosâ„ ¢ candy Make the Exploding Drink Ill tell you right up front: a drink with soda and Mentos wont explode unless it is in an enclosed container. Exploding drinks make messes, plus they tend to spray out shards of glass, so its a good thing this drink isnt so violent. Erupting is more what youre looking for here. If you want to cause an unexpected eruption, freeze a single Mentos candy into the well of an ice cube tray. Youll get the best results if you wait until the ice is almost frozen and then add a Mentos candy to each cube so that its near the surface of the ice. You dont want to soak the candy in cold water or its coating will dissolve. If that happens, all youll get when you mix it with diet cola is candy-flavored cola. The premise is that the Mentos will become exposed as the ice cube melts. When the wax coating of the candy reacts with the diet soda, the drink will fizz and bubble like the classic Mentos and diet soda fountain. If youre doing the project on-purpose or else dont mind getting caught dropping a Mentos into someones carbonated drink, you can simply plop the candy in the soda no ice cube needed. How the Mentos in Ice Cubes Trick Works Among other things, the gum arabic that coats a Mentos candy lowers the surface tension of the soda, allowing carbon dioxide bubbles to rise and expand more easily. The candy coating traps the gas, forming bubbles and foam. When I tried this project, I didnt get a spectacular eruption, but you can expect somewhat better results if you use a narrow glass for your drink. Except that the Mentos flavors the drink, I dont think someone with a Mentos-laced ice cube would notice much happening or suffer from an out-of-control foaming drink. The project is still pretty fun.

Market Research and Business Plan The WritePass Journal

Market Research and Business Plan Introduction: Market Research and Business Plan )          Samsung  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moderately priced but in-line with competitors  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Competes with competitors on the basis of price while also ensuring that it maintains quality  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Produces the same variety of products that Sony does (BusinessInsider, 2013)    Nobel  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Low-priced compared to competitors  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Competes with competitors mainly on the basis of price while it is known for having moderate levels of quality  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Produces nearly the same variety of electrical products   as its competitors (MIT Technology Review, 2013)       Pricing Analysis of Competitor Companies:       Samsung Plasma TV 43†-  £399.00 (Amazon, 2014) Sony Plasma TV 43†  £433.00 (Amazon, 2014) Nobel Plasma TV 43†  £295.00 (Amazon, 2014)    Brand Positioning and Pricing Strategy for Braze: As Braze is going to be a small electrical company catering to a market niche which prefers colourful and designed electrical products, the company is likely to have higher costs compared to its competitors as they are all well-established brands who have a well-defined customer base. Thus, the company is going to charge its customers a slight premium price from that charged by Nobel and Toshiba as it aims to position itself as a modern, high-quality, fashionable brand which represents convenience, quality, and style at the same time. The company will begin with approximately three outlets in various parts of England, especially in the larger cities such as London, Birmingham, and Manchester. The outlets will be designed differently from traditional electronics shops which usually have plain white interiors or use light colours in their interiors. The shops will have colours, such as pink, green, golden, purple, and other colours, which would add a highly bright and fun-loving image to the shops. The interiors of the outlets will be lit with spotlights and some neon lights, which will extenuate the designs of each of the electronic products. The staff in the shops will be trained to provide customers with a highly personalized service and keep records of customer preferences and will also be encouraged to take customer suggestions regarding popular product designs that customers may prefer in the products. The staff will be wearing uniforms of bright colours and will be encouraged to display salesmanship which exemplifies the company’s tagline of â€Å"We Wish to Brighten Your Day†. The interiors of the outlets will be luxuriously furnished with easy chairs and magazines which show the company’s range of products. The company is aiming to exemplify a differentiated image which also promotes an aura of luxury, style, fashion-consciousness, and a high level of personalization. Thus, the company will be charging a slightly higher price than Nobel but a slightly lower price than Sony as the company is aiming to break into a highly penetrated and competitive market. The company’s price list may be as follows: Plasma Television 43†-  £400.00 Tablet- £350.00 Microwave Ovens- £100.00 Set-up Costs and Payback Period: In its initial stages, the company will need a high amount of investment to develop its products and set up its three outlets. The company will need investment for production costs and then investment for purchasing furniture and other essentials for its three outlets. The company would require approximately  £100,000 pounds to develop and produce a small range of designed and coloured products. The company is advised to rent a small factory area in the suburbs of London or Birmingham to facilitate its production process and also initially rent its three outlets in London, Birmingham, and Manchester as there may be requirements of switching locations from time to time. The company is advised to rent these outlets within malls such as BrentCross in London or Trafford Centre in Manchester in order to help the brand gain maximum exposure. Thus, the company’s initial costs would be estimated to amount to the following amounts: Product Development Costs:  £100,000 Factory Rent:  £1500 p.m. Machinery Costs:  £100,000 Outlet Rent in London:  £2000 p.m. (Gumtree, 2014) Outlet Rent in Manchester:  £1850 p.m. (Gumtree, 2014) Outlet Rent in Birmingham:  £1900 p.m. (Gumtree, 2014) During the company’s initial stages, the company is likely to have a small range of customers as it is basically catering to a market niche. Thus, we can assume that the company is likely to sell approximately 50 products in each of its outlets per month during its first year of operations. As the company expands its product range and focuses upon advertising and promotional activities, it may be able to expand its customer base and increase its sales. However, this process is likely to take 2-3 years before the brand can consider itself to be stable in the electronic goods niche market. The firm is likely to recover its investment in approximately 5 years time but is not likely to recover its initial investment before this time period as it will be struggling to expand its customer base. Customer Profile and Marketing Strategy: The company will initially be catering to customers of both genders within the approximate age range of 15-50 who would appreciate the brightly coloured electrical appliances that the company offers and also have the ability to pay for the slightly premium priced products. The company’s customers are also likely to be fashion-conscious, fun-loving, energetic, and having an appreciation for colours and designs. The brand is likely to appeal to women more than men as women would be more likely to appreciate the aesthetic appeal of the electronic products offered than men would. Hence, the company’s initial marketing and advertising strategy will be based on demonstrations and displays within the popular malls of England and through pamphlets dispersed throughout the three cities in the homes of potential consumers. Advertisements will also be made on billboards, radio, and within magazines. The company will initially be located in only three cities of England, thus the company may not initially depend upon television advertisements but may also pursue this medium when it expands its business to other areas as well. Staffing Arrangements and Position of Owner: In its initial stages, the company will staff a small number of people to be able to sufficiently cater to the various functions that the business requires to be performed. The company’s factory may employ 3 electrical engineers who will aid in the research and development of the products and guide factory operations. The company will also employ two graphic designers who will create the designs printed upon the exteriors of the products. The factory will be run by approximately 20 workers who will produce the products required for the three outlets. Supervision will be required for the workers which means that two experienced managers will also be hired in order to supervise operations. The company’s logistics network will be set up via trucks which will transport the finished products to the three outlets of Braze. The company will initially rent three trucks and hire four drivers to transport the products to the required outlets. The extra driver will be employed to cater to emergency situations and the drivers will be required to work on a rotational basis in order to ensure reliability in the delivery and transport process. Braze’s outlets will require three salespeople each and one manager for each outlet initially to cater to inventory management, sales, and outlet maintenance. The skills required for the salespeople will include a high level of persuasive ability, excellent communication and management skills, high levels of creativity in order to help in putting products on display and presenting them in front of customers in a unique manner. Moreover, the salespeople will be required to have a pleasant personality and will preferably have degrees in communication and/or marketing. The managers employed in the outlets will be required to have experience amounting to approximately 3-5 years and have degrees in management, leadership, marketing, or other business disciplines. The owner of the business, being an electrical engineer, will aid the production process with fresh ideas and will work in collaboration with the other employed electrical engineers to create innovative products and attempt to re-design products frequently in order to remain in coordination with customer demands. The owner will also facilitate operations by supervising the outlets on a rotational basis and ensuring that the brand is being promoted appropriately and keeping any potential problems in check. The company will also additionally need to hire an accountant and make use of a cleaning service once a week in order to keep its outlets clean and presentable for customers. Company’s Future Plans: The company’s future plans will consist of expanding the business within other areas of the United Kingdom. The company will initially aim to expand its outlets within Wales and Scotland and will also open outlets in Edinburgh, Glasgow, Sheffield, and other areas. The company will also aim to increase its research and development investment and try to make a breakthrough invention in the market and be the pioneer introducer of a new product. This will eventually enable the company to grow in size and capture a larger percentage of the electronics market. Further, the firm will also plan to purchase its outlets and factory area in order to reduce its monthly costs and to increase the value of its fixed assets. The company may choose to raise finance for this expansion through bank loans and/or by adding partners to the business and converting it into a partnership or a private limited company. Within about ten years time the company may aim to go international and may expand into the areas of Ireland and Europe. The company’s initial targets may be France, Belgium, Netherlands, and Germany before it attempts to expand into other markets of Europe. The company will then aim to target the markets of the USA and Canada followed by the markets of Asia. Braze will also have to expand its staff and employ more experienced and competent managers who can handle international operations. Conclusion: Braze is a small British electrical company which aims to differentiate itself from its competitors on the basis of providing them with personalized, colourfully designed electronic products which are likely to appeal to their aesthetic sense and are likely to attract fun-loving style conscious customers who appreciate brightly coloured products. The company initially aims to enter the market with a small factory area located in the suburbs of London or Birmingham and three outlets ideally situated in mall areas of London, Birmingham, and Manchester. Braze aims to cater to the tastes of fashion-conscious, young and middle-aged customers who would like electrical appliances which can add a sense of style to their home decoration or their accessories because of their unique colours and designs. The company aims to initially rent all of its premises and employ a small number of employees. The company’s initial marketing strategy will be based upon promoting the products via demonstrations and through pamphlets distributed in the homes of potential customers, radio, billboards, and magazines. Later on, once the company stabilizes itself, it will aim to expand into other markets of Europe, USA and Canada, and then later on pursue the markets of Asia.    References Amazon (2014) Nobel Televisions. [online] Accessed on January 4, 2014 Available at: amazon.co.uk/Televisions-Sound-Vision-Projectors/b?ie=UTF8node=560864 Amazon (2014) Samsung Televisions. [online] Accessed on: January 5, 2014 Available at: amazon.com/Samsung-UN40EH5300-40-Inch-1080p-Black/dp/B0074FGR74 Amazon (2014) Sony Televisions. [online] Accessed on: January 5, 2014 Available at: amazon.com/Sony-SGPT111US-Wi-Fi-Tablet-16GB/dp/B005FXYJZY Business Insider (2014) Samsung Corporate Strategy. [online] Accessed on January 3, 2014 Available at: businessinsider.com/samsung-corporate-strategy-2013-3 Gumtree (2014) Birmingham Rental Rates. [online] Accessed on January 4, 2014 Available at: gumtree.com/ Gumtree (2014) London Rental Rates. [online] Accessed on January 3, 2014 Available at: gumtree.com/ Gumtree (2014) Manchester Rental Rates. [online] Accessed on January 4, 2014 Available at: gumtree.com/ MIT Technology Review (2013) Sony. [online] Accessed on January 4, 2014 Available at: technologyreview.com/article/416848/sony/ Tidd, J., Bessant, J. (2011).  Managing innovation: integrating technological, market and organizational change. Wiley. com.

Sizing the ComboBox Drop Down Width

Sizing the ComboBox Drop Down Width The TComboBox component combines an edit box with a scrollable pick list. Users can select an item from the list or type directly into the edit box. Drop Down List When a combo box is in dropped down state Windows draws a list box type of control to display combo box items for selection. The DropDownCount property specifies the maximum number of items displayed in the drop-down list. The width of the drop-down list would, by default, equal the width of the combo box. When the length (of a string) of items exceeds the width of the combobox, the items are displayed as cut-off! TComboBox does not provide a way to set the width of its drop-down list :( Fixing The ComboBox Drop-Down List Width We can set the width of the drop-down list by sending a special Windows message to the combo box. The message is CB_SETDROPPEDWIDTH and sends the minimum allowable width, in pixels, of the list box of a combo box. To hardcode the size of the drop-down list to, lets say, 200 pixels, you could do: SendMessage(theComboBox.Handle, CB_SETDROPPEDWIDTH, 200, 0); This is only ok if you are sure all your theComboBox.Items are not longer than 200 px (when drawn). To ensure we always have the drop-down list display enough wide, we can calculate the required width. Heres a function to get the required width of the drop-down list and set it: procedure ComboBox_AutoWidth(const theComboBox: TCombobox); const HORIZONTAL_PADDING 4; var itemsFullWidth: integer; idx: integer; itemWidth: integer; begin itemsFullWidth : 0; // get the max needed with of the items in dropdown state for idx : 0 to -1 theComboBox.Items.Count do begin itemWidth : theComboBox.Canvas.TextWidth(theComboBox.Items[idx]); Inc(itemWidth, 2 * HORIZONTAL_PADDING); if (itemWidth itemsFullWidth) then itemsFullWidth : itemWidth; end; // set the width of drop down if needed if (itemsFullWidth theComboBox.Width) then begin //check if there would be a scroll bar if theComboBox.DropDownCount theComboBox.Items.Count then itemsFullWidth : itemsFullWidth GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXVSCROLL); SendMessage(theComboBox.Handle, CB_SETDROPPEDWIDTH, itemsFullWidth, 0); end; end; The width of the longest string is used for the width of the drop-down list. When to call ComboBox_AutoWidth?If you pre-fill the list of items (at design time or when creating the form) you can call the ComboBox_AutoWidth procedure inside the forms OnCreate event handler. If you dynamically change the list of combo box items, you can call the ComboBox_AutoWidth procedure inside the OnDropDown event handler - occurs when the user opens the drop-down list. A TestFor a test, we have 3 combo boxes on a form. All have items with their text more wide than the actual combo box width. The third combo box is placed near the right edge of the forms border. The Items property, for this example, is pre-filled - we call our ComboBox_AutoWidth in the OnCreate event handler for the form: //Forms OnCreate procedure TForm.FormCreate(Sender: TObject); begin ComboBox_AutoWidth(ComboBox2); ComboBox_AutoWidth(ComboBox3); end; Weve not called ComboBox_AutoWidth for Combobox1 to see the difference! Note that, when run, the drop-down list for Combobox2 will be wider than Combobox2. The Entire Drop-Down List Is Cut Off For Near Right Edge Placement For Combobox3, the one placed near the right edge, the drop-down list is cut off. Sending the CB_SETDROPPEDWIDTH will always extend the drop-down list box to the right. When your combobox is near the right edge, extending the list box more to the right would result in the display of the list box being cut off. We need to somehow extend the list box to the left when this is the case, not to the right! The CB_SETDROPPEDWIDTH has no way of specifying to what direction (left or right) to extend the list box. Solution: WM_CTLCOLORLISTBOX Just when the drop-down list is to be displayed Windows sends the WM_CTLCOLORLISTBOX message to the parent window of a list box - to our combo box. Being able to handle the WM_CTLCOLORLISTBOX for the near-right-edge combobox would solve the problem. The Almighty WindowProcEach VCL control exposes the WindowProc property - the procedure that responds to messages sent to the control. We can use the WindowProc property to temporarily replace or subclass the window procedure of the control. Heres our modified WindowProc for Combobox3 (the one near the right edge): //modified ComboBox3 WindowProc procedure TForm.ComboBox3WindowProc(var Message: TMessage); var cr, lbr: TRect; begin //drawing the list box with combobox items if Message.Msg WM_CTLCOLORLISTBOX then begin GetWindowRect(ComboBox3.Handle, cr); //list box rectangle GetWindowRect(Message.LParam, lbr); //move it to left to match right border if cr.Right lbr.Right then MoveWindow(Message.LParam, lbr.Left-(lbr.Right-clbr.Right), lbr.Top, lbr.Right-lbr.Left, lbr.Bottom-lbr.Top, True); end else ComboBox3WindowProcORIGINAL(Message); end; If the message our combo box receives is WM_CTLCOLORLISTBOX we get its windows rectangle, we also get the rectangle of the list box to be displayed (GetWindowRect). If it appears that the list box would appear more to the right - we move it to the left so that combo box and list box right border is the same. As easy as that :) If the message is not WM_CTLCOLORLISTBOX we simply call the original message handling procedure for the combo box (ComboBox3WindowProcORIGINAL). Finally, all this can work if we have set it correctly (in the OnCreate event handler for the form): //Forms OnCreate procedure TForm.FormCreate(Sender: TObject); begin ComboBox_AutoWidth(ComboBox2); ComboBox_AutoWidth(ComboBox3); //attach modified/custom WindowProc for ComboBox3 ComboBox3WindowProcORIGINAL : ComboBox3.WindowProc; ComboBox3.WindowProc : ComboBox3WindowProc; end; Where in the forms declaration we have (entire): type TForm class(TForm) ComboBox1: TComboBox; ComboBox2: TComboBox; ComboBox3: TComboBox; procedure FormCreate(Sender: TObject); private ComboBox3WindowProcORIGINAL : TWndMethod; procedure ComboBox3WindowProc(var Message: TMessage); public { Public declarations } end; And thats it. All handled :)

Management research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Management research project - Essay Example tructure could enhance the involvement of employees and at the same time, allows for the creation of a culture that caters to the needs of their customers or patrons. Nemiro, Beyerlein, Bradley and Beyerlein (2008) also support the abovementioned by stating that it is through the organization of employees through teams that they are expected to practice working not just by themselves but with others as well. Because of this then, individuals are expected to perform in a more efficient way when they are organized into teams. Fink (1992) on the other hand also states that there are also some advantages that organizations may experience due to individual work. According to him, the motivation, commitment and productivity of workers will significantly increase in the event that they are given the chance to â€Å"own† the process. At the same time, high commitment can also be guaranteed when they are allowed to develop their own standards by which they control the work. It is because of the abovementioned then that the researcher seeks to look into three specific terms in this research: (1) employee motivations; (2) the scheme of working as individuals; and (3) the organization of employees into teams. The next section of this chapter shall then present the general aim of this research. The general aim of this research is to compare the effects of the organization of employees into teams and individual work to their motivation, commitment and productivity. Aside from this, the research shall also have the following objectives: Seven chapters shall make up this study. These seven chapters offer extensive discussion regarding the topic at hand in order to produce valid and reliable conclusions needed for the commencement of the study. The seven chapters are the following: (1) Introduction; (2) Literature Review; (3) Methodology; (4) Company/Industry Background; (5) Findings; (6) Discussions; and lastly, (7) Conclusion. Chapter 2, on the other hand, is devoted to the

Multinational Corporation Influences Research Paper

Multinational Corporation Influences - Research Paper Example This structure has individual departments and the workers work in their own area of expertise, and this system enhances the function of each department. Workers have close contact and can share knowledge which is healthy in terms of product advancement and at the same time functional structure is an economical structure. Centralization of this structure causes flexibility problems among different departments.Divisional Structure is flexible in terms of adopting changes, occur in an environment. Each department is responsible for different product and work is always carried out with their individual finances, marketing strategies or warehouses etc. This structure needs a duplication in its resources because the workers of the same field are divided into different departments and thus there no exchange of information or knowledge between workers. Innovative and differentiation strategies are always part of a divisional structure.Matrix Structure is complicated but is the most accurate structure. It has both above-explained structures within itself and works with functional structure with assigned managers for each product. The matrix structure is the most difficult structure to be implemented because of its dual authority as there are sometimes two managers for each product: Product manager and functional manager, but it is very productive for Multinational Corporations. In short matrix structure is a cross functional structure which carries a plentiful space for improvement and innovation before the product is released for market inflow.

Nutrition Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Nutrition - Research Paper Example It mainly consists of proteins, fats, water, carbohydrates as well as macro minerals (Instah, 2010). This topic will cover the importance of proper nutrition for children. Nutrition is vital for child’s development. It can also ward off many diseases and health related problems like obesity, weak bones, and diabetes. It also helps in development of children’s brain which is important for them as they are constantly learning new things during this period. The five nutrients mentioned below are most crucial for child health and body: Fiber: It is needed for healthy growth and proper nutrition. Fiber helps in dealing with the problem of constipation. Foods like legumes, vegetables and wheat are rich in fiber (Harvard School of Public Health, 2010). Antioxidant nutrients: It includes vitamin C, E, mineral selenium and beta-carotene. It helps in improving the child’s immune system. These nutrients are found in foods like tomatoes, cherries, carrots and spinach (Swanson, 1999). Calcium: It is one of the richest minerals found in body and is responsible for the growth of bones. It was found that children between four to eight years need 800 milligrams of calcium per day (Palo Alto Medical Foundation, 2010). Protein: It is another important nutrient for child body. It is present in every tissue of the body. Four to eight year old children need 19 milligrams of protein daily to meet the requirements of protein. It is also important during infancy (Lifeclinic, 2010). Iron: As iron helps in development of brain and its function, it is considered as one of the main nutrients in child’s diet. Deficiency of iron can lead to anemia which results in severe weakness. Foods like meat, seafood, chicken and spinach are rich in iron (Chillemi, 2005). Poor nutrition can result in health problems ranging from small health issues to fatal diseases. The main

Human Anatomy Structural Levels of Organization Essay

Human Anatomy Structural Levels of Organization - Essay Example These cells appear single in simpler creatures and appear grouped in multi-cellular organisms. A group of cells constitute the tissue levels which are composed of similar cells that perform a common function. In the human body there are four basic tissues types: epithelium, muscle, connective and nervous tissue and each type perform a common function. These tissue types within the body in turn combine to form the organ level. An organ can be composed of two to four tissue types performing a specific function. The combination of tissue types allow for complex functions to be performed within the organs. Each organ such as the stomach, liver, heart and blood vessel, within the body perform a specific function which contributes to the working of the human body. In the next organ system level, certain organs work together to perform a function such as the heart and the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system as both blood circulation and pumping of the heart is required for the proper functioning of the system. The final level of organization within the human body is the organismal level which includes all the above structural components that work together to promote optimum functioning of the human body. Reference Marieb, Elaine. N. Human Anatomy & Physiology. India: Pearson Education, 1989. Google books. Web. 1 March 2011.

Emergency Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Emergency Nursing - Essay Example experience in critical care. Some nurses have a Baccalaureate degree, others have diplomas and associate degrees as their base education. Some hold Masters degrees as well. PALS- Pediatric Advanced Life Support and ACLS- Advanced Care Life Support are other certifications that can be obtained in specialized areas (NHT, 2008) A minimum of one year work experience is preferred and critical care skills.The nurse must be an independent thinker, be comfortable with and capable of using nursing skills and procedures and be able to make a decision in a timely manner. Assertive and non- emotional nurses are preferred, with excellent communication and critical thinking skills. An excellent understanding of Anatomy, Physiology and Pathophysiology is also required (NENA, 2003) Emergency nursing requires expertise in several core competencies. The emergency nurse must be able to interpret data, perform objective assessments, interpret diagnostic results and select nursing interventions to manage the following areas of competencies. 1. Triage 2. Respiratory 3. Cardiovascular 4. Neurological 5. Maxillofacial/ eye/ear/nose/throat 6. Gastrointestinal 7. Genitourinary 8. Obstetrical client 9. Musculoskeletal/ Integumentary 10. Multi-system traumas Emergency Nurse Role 4 11. Environmental Emergencies 12. Immunological/Hematological/Endocrine systems 13. Knowledgeable in Domestic Violence/Sexual Assault 14. Toxicology 15. Mental Health 16. Infectious Disease 17. Psychosocial 18. Discharge Planning/ Client Education 19. Professional Practice Issues/ Legal & Ethical Issues Triage refers to the practice of grouping patients from the most critically ill/injured to the least. This is to ensure that... Patient Care-Emergency nurses care for patients and families in hospital emergency departments, ambulances, helicopters, urgent care centers, cruise ships, sports arenas, industry, government, prisons, military, poison control centers

Human Anatomy Structural Levels of Organization Essay

Human Anatomy Structural Levels of Organization - Essay Example These cells appear single in simpler creatures and appear grouped in multi-cellular organisms. A group of cells constitute the tissue levels which are composed of similar cells that perform a common function. In the human body there are four basic tissues types: epithelium, muscle, connective and nervous tissue and each type perform a common function. These tissue types within the body in turn combine to form the organ level. An organ can be composed of two to four tissue types performing a specific function. The combination of tissue types allow for complex functions to be performed within the organs. Each organ such as the stomach, liver, heart and blood vessel, within the body perform a specific function which contributes to the working of the human body. In the next organ system level, certain organs work together to perform a function such as the heart and the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system as both blood circulation and pumping of the heart is required for the proper functioning of the system. The final level of organization within the human body is the organismal level which includes all the above structural components that work together to promote optimum functioning of the human body. Reference Marieb, Elaine. N. Human Anatomy & Physiology. India: Pearson Education, 1989. Google books. Web. 1 March 2011.

Love. Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Love. Operations Management - Essay Example It also ensures that business operations in an organization are efficient, that is, using few resources effectively for production and having a maximum output. A process design (layout) is the arrangement of facilities in an organization that has the same functions and brings together similar activities. The importance of the layout is that it minimizes the functions that are related to travels, which means the total material cost in travel time and distance is reduced. For example, layout problems involve the location of facilities in a plant. Other important factor includes flexibility, motivation and system protection. In an organization like IKEA layout contributes to the total efficiency of operations and will greatly reduce the total operation cost by over 50%. Hayes and Wheelwright came up with a capability and maturity model that explains how an operation could move from being a barrier to strategic success (Hill and Jones, 2011). Stage one is about being an innovator and creator of opportunities and the last stage suggests that operation capabilities should improve so as to make the strategic impact on the operation function. This model is important to organizations since it provides a way of moving from being a barrier to achieving success. Material requirement planning (MRP) is a technique that assists an organization in a detailed planning of its production. The importance of MRP is that it ensures all products and materials are in line and helps in planning a manufacturing scheme. If a company is planning to excel in its objectives, it should look for the best performance strategies at place; ranging from 4vs which are volume, variation, visibility and variety, performance objective and market requirement planning. The secret to a customer’s satisfaction at IKEA lies in the 4v’s strategy. If a company wants to perform in the sales market, it must consider all aspects of the 4v, volume

Euthanasia (Mercy Killing) Essay Example for Free

Euthanasia (Mercy Killing) Essay The topic I chose is Euthanasia (mercy killing) should be permitted in cases of terminally ill patients. Euthanasia is from the Greek word to die well. In other words, a good death. Some people call it the act of killing a person who suffers from a mental or physician condition. Mercy Killing, is another name for it. Euthanasia (mercy killing) or physician-assisted suicide/PAS, is a confusing and heart-wrenching issue for many. We are all likely to face difficult end-of-life choices at some point, whether for ourselves or for a loved one. I know for me that this is a very hard decision, as much as I would like to be support Euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide/PAS, I could not allow this to be done because of the moral issues and it’s against what GOD stands for. One shot is all it takes to kill a loved adored family member. But is an injection of death a good way to die? With lack of judgment and a bad day someone could be killed. Euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide/PAS is putting people to sleep just like you would put to sleep your dog when he gets too old. Where do we draw the line between murder and helping patients? Is a doctor putting patience to sleep considered murder? Who makes that decision? I watched my sister suffer with pancreatic cancer from the time that she was diagnosed until she passed away. Every time she went for her chemotherapy treatments and returned home, she was sick to the point that she just stopped going places and doing things with the family. I can remember the call that I received from my niece, when they had left the doctor’s office and he had inform them, that there was nothing else that they could do. The cancer has spread through the stomach lining. At that point my sister made the decision to stop the chemotherapy and the doctor put her and family in touch with Hospice. I can still remember the comment that was made by the nurse, â€Å"we are here to make her comfortable living with cancer not to help her die†. By legalizing assisted suicide could send us down a road from which there is no return. We can do far more to aid suffering patients by improving pain management and mental health care through legislative reform than we can by legalizing their self-destruction. I did not expect to get the results that I did receive on Euthanasia (mercy killings) or physician-assisted suicide/PAS. I would like to say that the split was 30/70, which was very surprising to me because I was thinking that the split would have been 50/50. After taking the survey, I found out that most people are against Euthanasia (mercy killings). Based on the comments that I received from my survey, regarding mercy killings and how it was against GOD’s commandments, while others stated that people should not have to suffer and be in pain all their life if there is n o cure for their disease. But just think is an injection of death a good way to die? With lack of judgment and a bad day someone could be killed and how do you bring them back or even live with it. As much as we do not want to see our love ones suffer and be in pain, I just don’t believe I could go through Euthanasia with any of my family members. As much as I may love them I can’t have their death on my hands. Euthanasia (mercy killings) or physician-assisted suicide/PAS, is a decision that you will have to live for the rest of your life. Even though that love one may be suffering and in pain, can you really honestly say that you could be responsible for helping them to die and is this something that you will be able to live with yourself for the rest of your life. Its important to understand the distinction between the terms assisted suicide and euthanasia. The former describes a situation where the doctor (or some other agent) provides the means for a patient to commit suicide, but the patient follows through on the final act himself. Euthanasia, on the other hand, is carried out from beginning to end by a doctor on the patients behalf. In the wake of the Schiavo case, there was much debate over the question of care for the severely handicapped or terminally ill, and what exactly those appropriate levels of care were. At the base level is ordinary care—generally speaking, that which any prudent person would administer in similar circumstances. It could include keeping the room at a comfortable temperature, providing attentive human contact, and ensuring that the patient has enough to eat and drink. Ordinary care is considered mandatory by the Catholic Church. Proportionate treatment (or proportionate means), which is also mandatory, is any medical action that meets all of the following three criteria: (1) It has a reasonable chance of curing the patient or assisting with the cure; (2) it does not carry a significant risk of death; and (3) it does not, in and of itself, present an excessive burden. For example, a sterile blood transfusion during surgery would be considered proportionate treatment, as the risk and burden involved are relatively low compared with its curative potential. Disproportionate means, on the other hand, are not mandatory. If any treatment would present an excessive burden—in terms of finances, emotions, religious beliefs, or the pain of the procedure—or fail to offer a reasonable chance of curing the patient, it is optional. Withdrawing disproportionate treatment is an act that, according to Dr. Kathleen Foley, former chief of pain service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, respects [the] patie nts autonomous decision not to be battered by medical technology (Competent Care for the Dying Instead of Physician-Assisted Suicide, New England Journal of Medicine). There comes a time when continued attempts to cure are neither compassionate, wise, nor medically sound. Palliative care refers to the alleviation of pain or other symptoms, though some expand the definition to include the provision of mental, emotional, and spiritual support. A caregiver is required to offer palliative care—or at least pain management—as far as he is able, but it is not mandatory for a patient to accept. In fact, as Pope John Paul II said in The Gospel of Life, it is even licit to relieve pain by narcotics, even when the result isa shortening of life, if no other means exist. The issue of artificial nutrition and hydration is not fully defined; the question is currently being examined by the Magisterium, but the most recent pronouncement came from John Paul II himself in March 2004, when he stated that it is immoral to remove a feeding tube from anyone in a persistent vegetative state, calling it euthanasia by omission. Outside of a vegetative state, however, there are situations where a feeding tube would become burdensome and thus constitute disproportionate care—as in the case of a person dying from advanced stomach cancer—so these decisions must be made prudently on a case-by-case basis. For more information on this issue, visit www.euthanasia.com. For frequent updates on current court cases and legislation, checkwww.internationaltaskforce.org, and www.lifenews.com/bioethics.html. Once youve been armed with the latest facts and information, youre ready to begin the discussion. Strategy No. 1: Oppose the Status Quo of End-of-Life Pain Management First, we must recognize a basic truth: Patients in our medical system often have insufficient access to pain relief. Therefore, its vital to support increased patients rights, including access to health insurance, a choice in doctors, the latitude to see an independent specialist, open access to all of ones personal medical records, and the right to use palliative treatments. Its equally important to support the right of doctors to manage their patients pain properly without fear of government interference and prosecution. The issue of pain is an emotionally striking one, so its comforting to know that pain can be controlled. According to a report by the New York State Task Force on Life and the Law titled When Death Is Sought: Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia in the Medical Context, Modern pain relief techniques can alleviate pain in all but extremely rare cases. In fact, according to Dr. Eric M. Chevlen, the director of palliative care at St. Elizabeth Health Center in Youngstown, Ohio, 90 [percent] of cancer patients in pain can have dramatic relief with relatively simple oral therapies. Dr. Chevlen is also the author of the book Power Over Pain: How to Get the Pain Control You Need (International Task Force, 2002), a useful resource for those suffering due to a lack of proper palliative care. The American Pain Foundation estimates that with todays technology, close to 98 [percent] of all pain problems can be relieved or reduced. But most doctors have never actually studied pain in any detail. According toPain Net Inc., Of all pain practitioners, fewer than 10 [percent] are proficient in more than eight out of 130+ diagnostic or therapeutic procedures relative to pain. For this reason, its important to advocate a greater focus on pain in medical schools and continuing-education courses in pain management for all medical doctors, especially those frequently involved in end-of-life situations. We can also urge recognition for patients rights to see pain-therapy specialists (which some health-care plans are trying to restrict). What cannot be accepted is the notion that assisted suicide is a form of comfort care. Dr. Gregory Hamilton, the chair of Physicians for Compassionate Care, put it bluntly in an article in the Oregonian: Comfort care results in a comfortable patient; assisted suicide results in a corpse. Emphasize the Need to Diagnose and Treat Depression One of the chief arguments for PAS appeals to the American ideal of autonomy. The desire for self-determination resonates strongly with many Democrats, and they believe that the denial of these rights is un-American. Of course, a love of personal freedom is not unique to Democrats, and its easy for anyone to agree that we should have the freedom to live our lives as we see fit. But that freedom must come with restrictions. For example, child pornography is illegal in America—even in the privacy of ones home—and no judicious person would consider it a permissible use of our freedom. Clearly, Americans acknowledge the need to limit certain behaviors. The question is, what actions should be permitted or restricted? The issue of autonomy assumes that the person attempting to exercise his personal freedom can make decisions in a rational manner. But in fact, when it comes to requests for PAS, rational decision-making is rarely in play. Suicidal feelings in a person who has been diagnosed with a terminal illness are no different from those experienced by someone who isnt terminally ill. Depression, family conflict, hopelessness, feelings of abandonment—these are the conditions that lead to suicidal thoughts, regardless of ones physical state. According to the British Journal of Psychiatry and the New York State Task Force, between 93 and 95 percent of those contemplating suicide have a diagnosable mental disorder, most commonly severe depression. Is mental disorder also in play for the terminally ill who request suicide? One study in the American Journal of Psychiatry reported, All of the patients who had either desired premature death or contemplated suicide were judged to be suffering from clinical depressive illness; that is, none of those patients who did not have clinical depression had thoughts of suicide or wished that death would come early. The New York State Task Force report states that depression accompanied by feelings of hopelessness is the strongest predictor of suicide for both individuals who are terminally ill and for those who are not. It is depression or other mental illness, not ones physical condition, that makes a person suicidal. Pain plays an obvious part in this—diagnosable anxiety and depression, for example, are higher in cancer patients with pain. Not only is uncontrolled pain an important risk factor for suicide, in that it contributes to hopelessness and depression, but depression and anxiety can often augment the patients experience of pain. This brings us back to the need for pain therapy. The New York State Task Force report notes that the notion of competence to make treatment decisions, or the capacity to make a particular decisionpresumes that the patient is not clinically depressed. In the presence of clinical depression, there can be no true autonomy, no ability to make a rational decision or a clear, objective request for death. The good news is that mental illness, once diagnosed, is treatable. In a 1992 article for American Medical News suicidologist Dr. David C. Clark observed that depressive episodes in the seriously ill are not less responsive to medication than episodes in those who are not. The same opinion is held by Dr. Joseph Richman, former president of the American Association of Suicidology, who wrote in a letter to the editor of the Journal of Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour, Effective psychotherapeutic treatment is possible with the terminally ill. And in testimony to the New York State Task Force in 1992, Dr. William Breitbart of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center agreed, reporting that more than 80 percent of their patients diagnosed with major depression can be treated effectively. The New York State Task Force report puts the number even higher, saying treatment for depression resulted in the cessation of suicidal ideation for 90 percent of patients. Finally, its important to remember that the desire for suicide is often transient. In a study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, the cases of 886 people who were rescued from attempted suicides were followed over a five-year period. At the end of those five years, only 34 had since taken their own lives. Where there is depression, there is no true autonomy. Treating patients for pain and depression, as well as other mental illnesses, can eliminate suicidal desires by giving the patient more control. In that way, we can help them achieve self-determination instead of self-destruction. Strategy No. 3: Oppose Discrimination Against the Disabled and the Poor If any one element has stopped PAS bills and ballot measures from becoming the law of the land, it has been the public efforts of activist groups for the disabled such as Not Dead Yet. While groups like the former Hemlock Society (now named Compassion and Choices) were founded on the belief that some lives were not worth living and that they were doing a service to the disabled by expanding their autonomy to include a right to die, this kind of attitude actually betrays a prejudice against the disabled—one that would inevitably make the right to die a duty to die. This sort of prejudice is already seen on the opposite end of the spectrum in the abortion debate. Dr. Anthony Vintzileos, a board member of the American Institute of Ultrasound Medicine, estimated in a May 2005 article for the New Jersey Record that 90 percent of women who receive a prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome for their children choose to abort. People with disabilities are considered to have no real quality of life, nothing to contribute, and nothing to live for. The poor are also potential targets. Already receiving substandard medical care, the impoverished will be the last to ask for a second opinion, the first to see themselves as worthless, and the most likely to be dismissed as having nothing to contribute to society. If an authority figure were to counsel a poor person to ease the financial burden of medical care on his family through PAS, it would be difficult to say no. Democrats largely identify themselves as friends of the underdog and protectors of the weak. What better way to open their eyes to the injustice of PAS than by pointing out the potential for victimization of the disabled and poor at the hands of an often profit-driven health-care industry? Strategy No. 4: Examine Data from Europe At this point, your interlocutor will likely argue that Doctors would never do that, or that there should be guidelines to make sure that this victimization could never take place. The best response is simply to have a look at euthanasia in Europe (including its legal form in the Netherlands). Many familiar with the history of euthanasia recognize that the idea was a natural outgrowth of social Darwinism, where the strong survive and the weak are left behind. According to the New York State Task Force report, The practice of mass murder in Nazi Germanybegan with the active killing of the severely ill, and built upon earlier proposals advanced by leading German physicians and academics of the 1920s. Like policies currently advocated in the United States, these proposals were limited to the incurably ill, and mandated safeguards such as review panels. R. J. Lifton, author of The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide, is quoted in the report as saying that the phrases life unworthy of life and killing as a therapeutic imperative were vital in soothing the publics conscience when it came to the Nazi program of genocide: The medicalization of killing—the imagery of killing in the name of healing—was crucial to that terrible step. Its ironic that the Netherlands—whose doctors once refused the Nazis genocidal agenda—is now the site of the most extensive assisted suicide and euthanasia program in the world. Though euthanasia was not legalized in the Netherlands until 2002, it was commonly practiced well before then, with almost no danger of prosecution for the doctors performing it. The International Task Force on Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide reports that, according to the Dutch government–sponsored Remmelink Report examining death rates in Holland from 1990: †¢ 2,300 people died through voluntary euthanasia †¢ 400 died through assisted suicide †¢ 1,040 died through involuntary euthanasia—euthanasia was performed without the patients knowledge or consent, even though 72 percent of those patients had never indicated any desire for it †¢ 8,100 died from a deliberate overdose of pain medication to hasten the patients death, though in 61 percent of these cases the patient gave no consent. Of the estimated 130,000 deaths in Holland in 1990, 9.1 percent were the direct result of assisted suicide or euthanasia. And given that these numbers were voluntarily provided by doctors at a time when euthanasia was still technically illegal, its likely that the actual number of deaths through euthanasia was even higher. According to a February 1999 article in the Journal of Medical Ethics, almost 59 percent of euthanasia cases in Holland in 1995 went unreported, in clear violation of the guidelines in place. However, not a single Dutch doctor was prosecuted under the criminal charges of euthanasia, assisted suicide, or anything related. Euthanasia was technically illegal but not prosecuted in the Netherlands for more than a decade. Today, those over 16 can be euthanized for any reason; in certain circumstances, those as young as twelve can opt for euthanasia. Currently, the Netherlands is considering allowing euthanasia for infants, though some Dutch doctors have openly admitted to euthanizing infants already. Those who believe there is no slippery slope need to take another look. And while some may argue that the situation in the Netherlands at least offers patients more options when faced with end-of-life decisions, the reality is just the opposite. Hospice care—palliative centers that make up an important component of end-of-life treatment—is practically nonexistent in Holland. England, for example, had 183 hospices in 1999. The Netherlands, with a quarter of Englands population, had only three. Clearly, with such easy access to euthanasia, little effort is expended to offer alternatives to end-of-life pain management when its not as cost-effective as a quick death. What does this have to do with the United States? Dr. Herbert Hendin, executive director of the American Suicide Foundation, made the connection clear in his 1996 testimony before Congress, wherein he declared that Dutch patients and doctorssee assisted suicide and euthanasia, intended as an unfortunate necessity in exceptional cases, as almost a routine way of dealing with serious or terminal illness. The [American] public has the illusion that legalizing assisted suicide and euthanasia will give them greater autonomy. If the Dutch experience teaches us anything, it is that euthanasia enhances the power and control of doctors who can suggest it, not give patients obvious alternatives, ignore patients ambivalence, and even put to death patients who have not requested it. This is the safety that guidelines provide, as both history and current events have borne out. If we were to open the doors to PAS in the United States, a brave new world of involuntary euthanasia would be inevitable. Strategy No. 5: Oppose Profiteering by Managed-Care Providers If assisted suicide were legalized, managed-care providers would inevitably embrace it as a money-saving technique. The New York State Task Force report states that under anysystem of health care deliveryit will be far less costly to give a lethal injection than to care for a patient throughout the dying process. A 1998 study conducted by Dr. Daniel P. Sulmasy in the Archives of Internal Medicine found that doctors who are cost-conscious and practice resource-conserving medicine were six times more likely to write illegal, lethal prescriptions for their terminally ill patients. Dr. Diane Meier, a former advocate of assisted suicide, said in a 1998 New York Times article, Legalizing assisted suicide would become a cheap and easy way to avoid the costly and time-intensive care needed by the terminally ill. Substantiating this claim is the fact that Oregons Medical Assistance Program (OMAP) for the poor moved to provide physician-assisted suicide to its recipients as soon as the Death with Dignity Act was passed in 1997. Only 18 months later, the OMAP announced plans to cut back on pain medication coverage for the same population. Hospice care has also suffered—the International Task Force reports that one Oregon insurance company has a paltry $1,000 cap on in-home hospice care. With the cost of a lethal overdose running about $35, there would be little motivation to pay any more for palliative treatment. If this is how a liberal, Democratically controlled state government behaves, is there any doubt how profit-minded managed-care providers would react if assisted suicide were legalized throughout the United States? We would begin to see a new stratification of society, where the under-insured would be advised to settle for assisted suicide, while those with better insurance could get the medical assistance they needed. According to the International Task Force, If policies or laws permitting assisted suicide are approved, assisted suicide could become the only type of medical treatment to which certain people—those who are members of minority groups, those who are poor, or those who have disabilities—would have access. The last to receive health care would be the first to receive assisted suicide. The Dead End of Assisted Suicide Legalizing assisted suicide could send us down a road from which there is no return. We can do far more to aid suffering patients by improving pain management and mental health care through legislative reform than we can by legalizing their self-destruction. Euthanasia, in practice, almost inevitably becomes eugenic in nature, which is an affront to the disabled and a serious threat to the lives of the poor and unwanted. Further, the decriminalization of assisted suicide and euthanasia in Europe has produced horrific results that no sane nation would want to imitate. Its a noble impulse that drives Americans to help those struggling through illness and decline, but we cant let the desire to ease anothers suffering lead us to believe that there are quick fixes or easy answers in euthanasia. Instead, we must respond with love, prayer, and compassion—not with murder. As John Paul II wrote in Evangelium Vitae, True compassion leads to sharing another persons pain; it does not kill the person whose suffering we cannot bear.

Methods of Data Collection

Methods of Data Collection 1. INTRODUCTION This report consists of how data are collected and what are the methods to collect data for research. To improve a research better one or for more learning of particular thing which is to be analyzed. In this report a brief study of method of collecting data by primary data and secondary data with their classifications will be observed. 2. Methods of collecting primary data OBSERVATION QUESTIONNAIRE SEMI-STRUCTURED AND IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW. 2.1 OBSERVATION Observation means finding what people do, what they need, etc†¦ It combines of recording, describing, analysis and interpretation of people behavior. Observation are two different types, PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION. In participant observation researcher will involve with subject activities and live and being a member of group. E.g. .all documentary films are all of this kind. This type roles are: Complete participant Complete observer Observer as participant Participant as observer. Graphical representation of participant observation researcher roles Participant as observer complete participant Observer as participant complete observer STRUCTURED OBSERVATION. As the heading its self describes about what kind of observation are done in it. It’s a structured way of dealing data collection method, which involves in high level of predetermined structured .It form only some part of data collection. Ex: A daily attendance sheet, planning sheet. 2.2 SEMI STRUCTURED AND IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS It involves in interviewing a person or on group. Where interview are classified into structured, semi-structured, unstructured interviews. In structured interviews a format of question are followed for some particular criteria to be handled, which consists of standard questions. For semi-structured interviews it is based on optioning the customer to select their preferred section of questions. Whereas unstructured interviews deals with in depth involvement in a particular or interested area. Interviews are done by face to face and group interviews. Face to face interviews can figure out a person behavior, but group interview show how groups are mingled together and how they differ one another. HOW CAN THESE TYPE OF INTERVIEWS ARE USEFUL IN RESEARCH 2.3 QUESTIONNARIE It is a general way of collecting data, in which person is asked to answer for same set of questions in order. It is very easy to ask question for some study or research. Most of the research use questionnaire as their weapon for collecting information. This can be involved in individual level so sampling size also be larger one. An interesting one in questionnaire is modes of responding to it. Telephonic survey. Mail (postal) survey. E-mail survey. QUESTIONNARIE SELECTION CHART 2.3.1 Telephonic survey It is a common method followed where researcher and respondent are unknown. So limited data are collected from this method. Due to limitations it restrict questionnaire format to smaller one. Question must be easier for respondent to answer quickly. Question must not be longer one which consume more time. To handle this survey a trained person must be interviewing. Answers to question can be entered directly on an excel-sheet to save time. 2.3.2 Mail (postal) survey It is average form of survey where respondent and questionnaire cannot contact directly and without any interaction. Questioner should be preplanned about design and structure of question to be framed in such a way that respondent could answer it without neglecting any question. Questions must be in an order like easy, average, difficult, which can earn a valuable survey. Time are more valued in surveys. 2.3.3 E-mail survey E-mail survey are most popular survey where people are gather through internet. It can be performed in two way by e-mailing or using online survey. Just as mail an e-mail can be sent to respondent for answering but they may not reply for it, due to some reasons. Online survey are better because they answer then and there so data are collected faster than mailing. Today html pages are used to frame survey questions. And exciting one for survey is Google forms which are much useful for researcher to get job done. 3. METHODS OF COLLECTING SECONDARY DATA Collecting secondary data involves in finding publications, project and research reports, ERP/data warehouse and mining, internet/web for your necessary of research details. 3.1 PUBLICATIONS It refers to printed media like newspapers, textbooks, magazines, journals and reports. These are otherwise known as reference material, which contains wide source of data. Researchers follow secondary data as their first priority than primary data because it will lead them to a proper or complete view of research for their respective topics. As every publications have topic specified to itself, researchers can find easily the source of topic in a systematic manner. To search these publications proper guide lines also required. 3.2 ERP/DATAWAREHOUSES AND MINING For every organization ERP are implemented to gather information about finance, commercial, accounts, production, marketing, RD etc†¦ How do ERP helps in research, since it has data stored day by day, months and yearly basis to compute as integrated one. Researcher of different phenomenon can easily track those information by authorized person of such organization for their data collection. ERP has different sectors combined for example if a researcher form financial sector comes to verify how organization development in that particular sector, he/she can collect information from ERP. Mostly these data are considered as primary data. Data warehouses are secondary data, where large amount of data are stored. These data cannot be analyzed manually. So software for analyzing it is Data Mining Software, this will segregate all kinds of data and use statistical techniques to analyze data. Some techniques used by this software are variance analysis, cluster analysis, factor analysis, etc. It is a statistical and information technologies software. To create these software so of vendors of it are, excel miner, SPSS, SAS and SYSSTAT. Data mining is automated process where some features are selected by user. 3.3 Internet/web Most basic way collecting secondary data is to search through web. As we know internet search topic and words related thing easily and fast where surplus amount of data are founded in thousands of websites all over the world. It includes all e-textbooks, journals, government reports. To search our results through internet search are provided those are GOOGLE, YAHOO, etc. all these search engines can show several sites but one must choose correct data related to topic of research involves. Most popular website for collecting data are Wikipedia for researcher, where note of particular topic are gives with reference site to get detailed study about research topics. SOME OF THE IMPORTANT WEBSITES 4. conclusion From the given information we know about what are primary data and secondary data and how to collect those data from various resources. Research must be valuable one so data collection must be done enormously to predict correct result of analysis. Secondary data can be added in research reports but there must be some data which show your involvement in research process. Research is an endless process because as time changes strategy of reports containing details also vary due to respondent are not same in nature. A research about a topic gives overview, detailed and explanation according to research types. At last collection of data are most important for research because it act as proof or evidence of your valuable reports. Table of Contents PG NO INTRODUCTION 1 METHODS OF COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA 1 OBSERVATION 1 2.1.1 PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION 2.1.2 STRUCTURED OBSERVATION 2 2.2 SEMI STRUCTURED AND INDEPTH INTERVIEWS 3 2.3 QUESTIONNARIE 4 2.3.1 TELEPHONIC SURVEY 5 2.3.2 POSTAL SURVEY 5 2.3.3 E-MAIL SURVEY 5 METHODS OF COLLECTING SECONDARY DATA 6 PUBLICATIONS 6 ERP/DATA WAREHOUSES AND MINING 6 INTERNET/WEB 7 CONCLUSION 8 REFERENCES PEARSON EDUCATION/ THIRD EDITION/ RESEARCH METHODS FOR BUSINESS STUDENTS/ Mark Saunders/Philip Lewis/Adrian Thorn hill SAGE PUBLICATIONS/ESSENTIALS OF BUSINESS RESEARCH/ Jonathan Wilson. TATA McGraw HILL/STATISTICS FOR MANAGEMENT/ G.C.BERI.

Inconsistency in The Character of Hamlet Essay -- GCSE Coursework Shak

Inconsistency in The  Character of Hamlet The perfection of Hamlet’s character has been called in question - perhaps by those who do not understand it. The character of Hamlet stands by itself. It is not a character marked by strength of will or even of passion, but by refinement of thought and sentiment. Hamlet is as little of the hero as a man can be.   He is a young and princely novice, full of high enthusiasm and quick sensibility - the sport of circumstances, questioning with fortune and refining on his own feelings, and forced from his natural disposition by the strangeness of his situation. Hamlet seems incapable of deliberate action, and is only hurried into extremities on the spur of the occasion, when he has no time to reflect, as in the scene where he kills Polonius, and again, where he alters the letters which Rosencraus and Guildenstern are taking with them to England, purporting his death. At other times, when he is most bound to act, he remains puzzled, undecided, and skeptical, until the occasion is lost, and he finds some pretence to relapse into indolence and thoughtfulness again. For this reason he refuses to kill the King when he is at his prayers, and by a refinement in malice, which is in truth only an excuse for his own want of resolution, defers his revenge to a more fatal opportunity, when he will be engaged in some act "that has no relish of salvation in it." "Now might I do it pat now he is praying; And now I'll do 't; - and so he goes to heaven; And so am I reveng'd? - that would be scanned: A villain kills my father; and for that I, his sole son, do this same villain send To heaven. O, this is hire and salary, not revenge ... Up sword; and know thou a more horrid hent, Whe... ... explaining the cause of his alienation, which he hardly trust himself to think of. It would have taken him years to have come to a direct explanation on the point. In the harassed state of his mind, he could not have done much other than what he did. His conduct does not contradict what he says when he sees her funeral, "I loved Ophelia: forty thousand brothers Could not with all their quantity of love Make up my sum" - [Act v., sc. 1.]   In conclusion, Shakespeare has been accused of inconsistency with Hamlet only because he has kept up the distinction which there is in nature, between the understandings and the moral habits of men, between the absurdity of their ideas and the absurdity of their motives. Hamlet is not a fool, but he makes himself so. His folly, whether in his actions or speeches, comes under the category of impropriety of intention.

Education in Allegory of the Cave

It is usually said that education is the key to success. This saying amplifies the focus on success and hinders the complexity of education. In The Allegory of the Cave, Plato exploits Darkness, intermediacy and Enlightenment to demonstrate education as a complex journey of achieving knowledge. Through exploring Allegory of the cave, the first stage of education is darkness. Darkness is figuratively where one is obstructed from gaining knowledge.Plato high lights this point and writes, â€Å"—human beings living in an underground den, which has a mouth open towards the light and reaching all along den; here they have been from childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by chains from turning around their heads. † ( ¶ 1) When the prisoners are in the darkness, this symbolizes their ignorance and lack knowledge. Although there is always a way that leads to gaining knowledge, there are obstacle s that prevent the prisoners from pursuing knowledge.The exit that leads to the â€Å"light† shows that there is a way that leads to gaining knowledge. The â€Å"legs and necks† being bound demonstrates the obstacles that are preventing the prisoners from pursuing knowledge which limits them to be short sighted and only see what is â€Å"before them†. Darkness is the initial stage in education that is hindering the prisoners from gaining knowledge. Darkness led to a stage of intermediacy that involves challenges and adjusting from ignorance to knowledgeable.Plato continues, â€Å"—if the prisoners are released and disabused of their error. At first, when any of them is liberated and compelled to suddenly stand up and turn his neck around and walk and look towards the light, he will suffer sharp pains; the glare will distress him and he will be unable to see the realities—â€Å" ( ¶ 15) When Darkness is figuratively gone and there are no obstacl e, the prisoner has a weak excuse not to pursue knowledge. When the prisoner is breaking from inertia by standing up, the prisoner experiences â€Å"sharp pains. This reveals the resistance to change that the prisoner has from being ignorant to being knowledgeable. The â€Å"glare† afflicting the prisoner announces that the prisoner was figuratively in darkness before and the â€Å"distress† the prisoner experiences is the process of learning. The intermediate stage in education is a learning stage of adjusting from ignorance. Through intermediacy was the rise of enlightenment. Enlightenment symbolizes a phase where knowledge is gained and one is completely informed.Towards the end of â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave† Plato writes, â€Å"Last of all he will be able to see the sun, and not mere reflections of him in the water, but he will see him in his own proper place, and not in another; and he will contemplate him as he is. † ( ¶ 23) In â€Å"The All egory of the Cave†, the hierarchy of light shows the â€Å"sun† to be at metaphorically the highest level. The prisoner having the ability to catch sight of the â€Å"sun† reveals that he is enlightened, thus he has gained knowledge to comprehend.The prisoner also experiences a completely new perspective due to the knowledge he gained. Enlightenment is the final complex stage in education where one obtains knowledge. Throughout â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave†, The process of achieving knowledge is through darkness, intermediacy and enlightenment. Darkness consists of barriers that interfere with one pursuit of knowledge. Intermediacy is a learning stage that leads to enlightenment of gaining knowledge. Plato affirmed education as a derange journey.

Determining the of the Effect of the Concentration of Na2S2O3 on the Rate of Reaction Essay

In this experiment we reacted different concentrations of Na2S2O3 (aq) with a constant volume of HCl, and measured the time it took for the X drawn under the beaker in black marker to disappear. Uncertainty Details: 1. The uncertainty in the volume of Na2S2O3 (aq) and H2O (l) is given by manufacturer of the burettes. As we find the change in the volume in the burette, the uncertainties are added, and the uncertainty in the volume is  ±0.1cm ³ 2. The uncertainty in the HCl is given by the manufacturer of the measuring cylinder. 3. The uncertainty in the time is a rough estimate calculated by me trying to perfectly stop the stopwatch at 5 seconds three times in a row, and in all cases it was about 0.4 seconds reaction time. 4. The uncertainty in Total Volume of Na2S2O3 (aq) and H2O is found by adding the uncertainty in the volume of H2O and the uncertainty in the volume of Na2S2O3. Observations: 1. We stirred all solutions. 2. There is a small delay between when we started the stop watch and poured the HCl, as it is impossible to perfectly coordinate this. 3. Bad smell released. 4. The stirring speed was not the same for each reaction, though it was attempted to be replicated equally for each reaction. 5. The uncertainty given by the last figure on the stop watch was very inaccurate to use, therefore we calculated the reaction time instead to give a more true uncertainty. However this value has a range, so it is not necessarily accurate. Calculations To calculate the concentration of the Na2S2O3 in each trial, we use the equation: . As for both trials the volumes are all identical, we can simply calculate the concentrations for the first trial, and use them for the second. For the first solution, we apply the equation, and thus we do: (10.0cm ³/50.0cm ³)*0.2 à ¯ 0.04M. As for the uncertainty here, we must add the fractional uncertainty in the volume of sodium sulfate and total volume, and then multiply it by the concentration. The uncertainty in the initial concentration is unknown, so we do not use any value for it. So (0.1/10.0)+(0.2/50.0) = 0.014. 0.014*0.04 = 0.00056 à ¯ 0.0006. This can be repeated for all the other concentrations, and is shown in the following table: Concentration of Na2S2O3 (aq) (M) Uncertainty in Concentration (M) Time for Trial 1 ( ±0.4)(s) Time for Trial 2 ( ±0.4)(s) 0.0400 0.0006 125.2 133.2 0.0800 0.0007 61.4 65.1 0.1200 0.0009 40.0 36.7 0.160 0.001 29.1 29.8 0.2 Unavailable (0) 24.1 23.4 As in the last concentration no water is added, the whole solution has the same concentration as the initial concentration, so the uncertainty is unknown. Now as the volumes for both trials were identical, we can find an average of the times for both trials. To do this we add the 2 values and divide by 2. For the first one this would be (125.2+133.2)/2 = 129.2s. The uncertainty here would not be affected so it is still  ±0.4 for all times. Now that we have these results, we can find the order of the reaction with respect to Na2S2O3. Now as we know that in order for the x beneath the beaker to not be visible, a certain amount of the product must be produced, we assume the same amount of the products is produced in each solution. This then allows us to assume the same amount of the reactants is used up for the x to be formed in all experiments, so even though we do not know the change in concentration of each reaction, we know that it is about the same. Therefore if we plot 1/time against concentration, we should be able to see the relation between the concentration and the rate, even though we do not have the correct rate. Concentration of Na2S2O3 (aq) (M) Uncertainty in Concentration (M) 1/time (Rate) (mol dm-3 s-1) Uncertainty in Rate (mol dm-3 s-1) Now we can plot this: – As we can see in this graph, it is linear, and Rate is proportional to 1/time. This means that the order of the reaction with relation to Na2S2O3 is 1. Also as the gradient of the line is 0.2166, this tells us that in the rate equation K = 0.2166mol-1dm3s-1. So the rate equation is: Rate = 0.2166[Na2S2O3][HCl]y. However we do not know the order of HCl as we did not vary the volume of HCl. Conclusion To conclude, we have calculated the order of the reaction with respect to Na2S2O3 to be 1. This was efficiently experimentally calculated as shown by the graph above. The graph is very fitting, and there are no anomalous points on it. As the R ² value is so close to 1, we can see that our line fits very well, and that the results are quite precise. Also as we can see from the graph, while the y intercept is supposed to be 0, it is 0.0009. This is due to systematic error. While this is not 0 like would be ideally, this is not a problem as it is a very small number, and rather insignificant as it would be nearly impossible to have absolutely no systematic error. This error could have been caused by multiple things, though there were no factors that particularly affected the results significantly. The result is extremely accurate, as we were told by our teacher the expected order was 1. Evaluation Improvements Even though the x disappeared, this does not mean the same amount of precipitate was formed. As the x disappearing is a very unreliable method as the amount of precipitate formed could be more or less in each trial, even if the x disappears. This means we have to make the assumption that the same amount of precipitate was formed so that the same number of moles are used up, allowing us to find the rate and order. This added to our systematic error, thus less to slightly less accurate results as some points may have taken more or less time than needed. Also one of the most error causing points for sure in this experiment is deciding when the x had disappeared, as I recall countless times in which it had looked like it had disappeared, however it was not completely. However, I did attempt to stop the stop watch at the same point for each one to make it a fair test. As it was unclear at times whether or not the x had disappeared, this would have led to an increase in rate in some trials, and a decrease in rate in others, so the overall effect is unknown. The x drawn could have been drawn bigger and with thicker ink allowing it to stand out much more. This would have meant that as it was easier to see, once it had disappeared completely I would easily be able to tell that it had disappeared as it stands out more. Alternatively, a light meter could have been used, which detects the levels of light[1]. A light source can be place above the beaker, such as a simple lamp. Once enough precipitate has formed, the light meter should detect no light. The data can either be measured using a data logger, which would be started when the reaction was started, and automatically stopped by the light meter, or simply using a stop watch however starting and stopping the time according to the light meter. The temperature in this experiment was not maintained. Though the reactions all took place in the same room within a 1 hour range, the temperature may have varied in that time, so the rates could have gone up or down depending on the temperature of the room, which could have slightly affected our results. This would have also contributed to the systematic error in the experiment. Furthermore, the temperature during each trial may have also not remained constant, which could have led to slightly different calculated rates. The temperature could have been monitored during each trial so we can see when the rate could have been affected by a rise/fall in temperature. Also if the room was air-conditioned at a constant temperature, this would have meant the room temperature would stay the same (assuming no windows/doors are opened in the time). The uncertainty in the stop watch was much smaller than the actual uncertainty, so I attempted to find my reaction time, which was 0.4. However, when conducting the experiment it is impossible to tell if every time my reaction time was that, as it may have been more or less. This may have increased or decreased the uncertainty here. I could have taken a larger range of samples for my reaction time to get a more accurate value. As I poured the HCl and started the stop watch at the same time, this meant there was a small delay between when I poured the HCl in and when the stop watch was started. This means that the time was a little bit less than it had to be, once again adding to the slight systematic error. I could have gotten a fellow class mate to press the stop watch as soon as I poured the HCl in, so that there was a much small delay, and more precise results, as well as a smaller systematic error.