Open-Economy Macroeconomics Notes

Ch28 Open-Economy Macro sparings FOREIGN TRADE AND ECONOMIC exertion Imports ? goods and services produced contrary and consumed domesticatedatedally Exports ? goods and services produced domestically and purchased by impertinenters simoleons exports ? defined as exports of goods and services minus imports of goods and services Net extraneous investment ? counterpart of crystalize exports Denotes web US manner of speakings abroad and is approximately equal to the shelter of dismiss exports ? ? ? appreciation in the swap run and a corresponding dec breed in net exports financial easing does the opposite.The impact of changes in touch rates on net exports reinforces the impact on domestic investment In a full-employment unlikeable scrimping (always holding other things constant), higher government spending, inflict taxes, or lower desired private preservation bequeath raise the accepted interest rate and lower equilibrium saving and investment net exports ar de termined by the difference between national saving and national investment, which is determined by domestic factors summation the world interest rate changes in trade rates ? re the instrument by which saving and investment adjust Domestic expenditures ? equal to consumption plus domestic investment plus government purchasesExamples of open-economy saving-investment theory in the lowly open economy an increase in private saving or lower government spending will increase national saving this will lead to a dispraise of the tack rate until net exports have increased enough to balance the increase in domestic saving an increase in domestic investment, say, because of an improved business mode or a burst of innovations, will lead to a substitution in the investment schedule this will lead to an appreciation of the exchange rate until net exports decline enough to balance saving and investment.In this case, domestic investment crowds out foreign investment an increase in world in terest rates will reduce the level of investment. This will lead to an ncrease in the difference between saving and investment, to a depreciation in the foreign exchange rate, and to an increase in net exports and foreign investment (this would be a shift along the investment schedule) consolidation of a state of matter into the world economy adds an Copernican new mark to macroeconomic process and insurance o the foreign sector provides an important source of domestic investment and a potential outlet for domestic saving o higher saving at domicile whether in the form of higher private saving or higher common saving will lead to higher net exports o a countrys trade balance is primarily a formula of its national saving and investment balance rather than of its absolute oil-bearingness or wealth ?The volume and value of imports will be alter by domestic output and the relative impairments of domestic and foreign goods fringy longing to import ? the increase in the dolla r value of imports for separately $1 increase in GDP ? Because a fraction of all income leaks into imports in an open economy, the open-economy multiplier is smaller than the multiplier for a closed economy. OPEN ECONOMY Multiplier = 1/ (MPS + MPm) Where MPS = marginal propensity to save and MPm = marginal propensity to import ? ? Real exchange rate ? corrects for movements in the price levels in different countries Overvalued cash ? one and only(a) whose value is high relative to its long-run or sustainable level towering mobility of financial capital ? hen financial investments can flow substantially among countries and the regulatory barriers to financial investments argon low ? Foreign trade produces a new and powerful link in the financial transmission mechanism when a country has a flexible exchange rate. When monetary policy changes interest rates, this affects exchange rates and net exports as well as domestic investment. Monetary tightening leads to an ? o o adjustm ents in a countrys trade accounts require a change in domestic saving or investment in the long run, adjustments in trade accounts will be brought about by movements in the countrys relative prices, often through exchange-rate changes ptimal currency atomic number 18a ? one whose regions have high labor mobility or have common and simultaneous aggregate supply or demand shocks. In an optimal currency area, significant changes in exchange rates are not necessary to ensure rapid macroeconomic adjustment European Monetary northern ? one of historys great economic experiments. Never forward has such a large and powerful group of countries turned its economic fortunes over to a multinational body like the European primaeval Bank. Never before has a central bank been charged with the macroeconomic fortunes of a large group of nations with 325 million people producing $16 meg of goods and services.While optimists point to the microeconomic benefits of a larger market and lower trans actions costs, pessimists worry that monetary union threatens stagnation and unemployment because of the lack of price and wage flexibility and insufficient labor mobility among countries. The financial crisis of 2007-2009 is the first major(ip) test of this new monetary system. Stable macroeconomic climate ? taxes are reasonable and predictable and that inflation is low, so lenders need not worry about inflation confiscating their investments ? promoting economic growth in an open economy involves ensuring that business is attractive for foreign and domestic investors who have a blanket(a) array of investment opportunities in the world economy. The ultimate goals of policy are to have high rates of saving and investment in productive channels and to ensure that businesses use bestpractice techniques.Achieving these goals involves setting a stable macroeconomic climate, guaranteeing dependable property rights for both tangible investments and intellectual property, providing exchan ge-rate convertibility that allows investors to take home their profits, and maintaining confidence in the political and economic stability of the country triumph for the countries of North America and Western Europe robust economic performance o rapid and sustained economic growth emerging monetary system o conduct independent monetary policies with flexible exchange rates, while smaller countries either float or have sticky fixed exchange rates tied to one of the major blocks reemergence of giving markets Competitiveness ? refers to the extent to which a nations goods can make out in the marketplace this depends primarily upon the relative prices of domestic and foreign products productiveness ? easured by the output per unit of input, fundamental to the growth of living standards in a nation to a first approximation, a nations real income grows in step with its productivity growth ? conclusion on productivity and competitiveness ? as the theory of comparative advantage demons trates, nations are not inherently uncompetitive. Rather, they become uncompetitive when their prices move out of line with those of their trading partners. The surest route to high productivity and high living standards is to light upon domestic industries to world markets and to encourage vigorous domestic competition with foreign companies that have adopted the most advanced technologies