Economics of the UAE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economics of the UAE - Research Paper Example accord to the estimation made in July2012, the total population of the nation stood at 5,314,317. The majority of the population be to the UAE has been viewed to be the Muslims, apart from other religious groupings such as Hindus and Sikhs. The currency of the country has been recognized to be Emirati Dirham and Arabic is regarded as its official language. Apart from Arabic language, the other languages that prevail in the UAE allow English, Urdu, Persian and Hindi. Most importantly, the country emphasizes upon educating both men on with women and is making considerable investments in this special(prenominal) sector. The UAE government is a federal one that is structured with specified legal powers (The Cultural Division of the Embassy of the unify Arab Emirates, UAE Facts in Brief).The UAE possess an open sort of economy bearing a high per capita income along with a large yearly trade surplus. The country has undergone a deep transf ormation from the region of desiccate desert to a modern state since the detection of oil in the country. With this detection, the living standards of people of the UAE had raised by a significant level. It has been viewed that the government of the UAE has enlarged its spending in two significant arenas that overwhelm infrastructure development and job creation with the intention of enhancing the economy of the country at large. The various vital factors such as the worldwide financial crisis, deflated prices of the assets and the tight international credit contributed in contract the economy of the UAE in the year 2009. The different industries that prevail in the UAE which comprise petrochemicals, transport, real estate, pharmaceuticals, cement, aluminum and ceramics among others good affect the economy of the country by a greater extent. With regard to assess the economic check off of the UAE, it has been observed

Analyze the case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyze the - Case Study fontAt this point, influence shows a remarkable impact on how the entire team would be organize with it. Rita was not influential enough and less empowered to sustain order within the grouping.Rita also did not realize her subordinates were forming social networks where informal communicatings overflowed. Failure on her part to demonstrate how to manage communication within the group, Rita ended up having subordinates not willing to participate and obey her point of view. After all, the refer players or executives were very territorial and possessed extreme supremacy, so they belong to a group though in a simple hierarchical structure, but still they could implement high individualistic sureness based on seniority complex. However, in general, Rita was working with a kind of work group with constitute players ready to do well if their potentials would only have been effectively tapped. The danger in working with this group would be the failure to recogn ize its open system of interaction, as the external inputs it might have get would develop a certain output. In the case of Department 8101, it has its open system that from any sequence would possibly result to negative entropy, differentiation or integration, depending on the prevailing approach implemented for managing with diverge and complexity. Rita should have been aware about the communication pattern of her group as the various inputs could actually perforate here. Her failure to recognize this resulted to disorder in the system.Rita failed to recognize general systems approach or the groups interaction, not minding about general system concepts like input, output, cycles, negative entropy, feedback, dynamic equilibrium, differentiation, integration and etc. She miss the fact that the new group she was trying to work with has its own balance and influence from surrounding surround and even has its

Proof Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Proof - Essay ExampleLook, if youre not happy with your life right now, maybe you should try to do something instead of gossiping, because thats roleplay yourself as uneducated person. You might be educated, but may not act like one. Everybody has a chance to do what they want to be successful in their lives, but needs effort to do it not just waiting and doing nothing2. I finished my studies last year, but I didnt join the graduation exercise last December because I want my mother to present in my graduation to see me walking and receiving my Diploma.. I want my momma to be proud despite of all the things Ive done in my life. It was a tough year for me working on my assignments, project and etc . Every nighttime was hard, but I did it. To some people, who think Im lucky, it is not a compliment its like an insult to me, because my achievements in my life didnt came from the luck that just handed it to you and you got it.. No, it is not my federal agency I had to work hard for it a nd not just sitting my ass off gossiping, watching tv, or

Organ Donation in USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

electric reed pipe pipe harmonium Donation in USA - Essay ExampleAdvanced countries puzzle managed to create a eternal sleep between deceased and living organ donation while developing countries are accused of practices much(prenominal) as transplant tourism and organ commercialization leading to ineffective organ transplant practices. As such, the paper proposes tax policy implementation in order to address the issues facing the organ transplant practice in an effective manner globally.As replacement human kidneys was initialized in more than the past six decades, particularly the introduction of deceased-donation systems in the U.S. the Western model associated with organ donation is heavily associate to amateurish giving. This form of donation takes place due to altruistic reasons. This means that the donor of an organ does not do so to realize material gain. Since organ transplantation has spread to different parts of the world, the unpaid donation model has not follow ed the different social, medical, and legal settings. Nevertheless, in the past 25 years, professional and intergovernmental organizations have come forth to make organ donation a global ethical norm. Since this practice carcass tenuous, the gains made to safeguard the interests of susceptible, desperate organ sellers from exploitation may be lost easily (Capron, 2014).Presently, organ transplantation is carried in more than 100 countries globally, although the rate at which it is carried out varies tremendously. In 2011, for instance, approximately 112,631 organ transplants were reported worldwide, an 11.6 percent from 2008, after the adoption of the Istanbul declaration targeting transplant tourism and organ transplant. Deceased organ replacement grew by more than 5.5 percent annually during this period. As such, World Health Organization (WHO) proposed that the organ transplantation practice should be implemented to its utmost therapeutic potential. Here, living donors are essen tial, particularly if they are legally,

Blog Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Blog - Coursework ExampleTherefore, current counsel teams tend to focus on the required combinations that are required in terms of employees for economic and productiveness values. When evaluating the effects of team variation on business performance, (Kochan, et al., 2002, p. 12) indicated that contrasting levels employee sourcing create a very wholesome case for the diversification of the required returns. The diversity under consideration in this situation includes cultural, demographic, technical and cognitive. later on this integration, the group processes will include communication, creativity, conflict and gumminess. The required outcomes in this regard are lessen turnover rate rate, satisfaction of all stakeholders and improved performance. It has been noned that diversity, if non well managed have adverse effects on the running of a comp some(prenominal). Conflicts and ineffective communication are an inevitable part of life in any group setting. However, these can take a different dimension when dealing with diversity (Herrera, Duncan, Ree, & Williams, 2013, p. 5). Lower levels of cohesion and miscommunication are some of the negative issues that must be looked into before effectiveness of the whole participation is upgraded. In fact, the relationship that exists between diversity and performance in any company is dependent on the forgiving resource enforces the good practices of creativity and innovation at the initial levels of hiring employees. Therefore, diversity must be effectively handled if it has to give the best results (Mirza, 2011, p. 4). Effective handling of diversity has several advantages. McDonalds Company is one of the companies that have super improvementted from the aspect of work place diversity. Increased productivity has been highly seen as a result of the diversity created. The company, a US grocery company has a very wide base in more than than 118 countries and in particular commands a very huge market in the UK (Mirza, 2011, p. 7). The use of diversity has make the company create a diverse work force with different talents that have highly reduced the turnover rate of the company and in turn increasing its stores all over the world. Another benefit that has come to the company is increased creativity and the rate of solving company problems. Different cultures come with different needs and concerns (Kochan, et al., 2002, p. 13). The company has concentrated so much on diverse work force that it has as created a alter customer base based on the cultural range of products sold. So act to the issue of diversity it is, that the company has created a World Leadership Development. Because of the company external development strategy, it does not discriminate (Mirza, 2011, p. 3). The third advantage as seen in the McDonalds case is the attraction and retention talent. The company has been seen to highly involve itself in the community based programs where it creates the diversity needed. Ac cording to Mirza (2011), the company supports groups of networked individuals in the art object of gay and lesbian employees, because these are very important to the company employment cycle. In fact, the company has a Chief World Diversity Officer, Patricia Sowell Harris whose work is to see that the values of these individuals are upheld. According to the company, they are important, not only as a customer base development team but also decorous employees. Tasked with making sure that people deliver their best, she has made sure that the company effectively responds to the aspect of diversified talent. With the inclusion of

Building Successful Relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Building Successful Relationships - Es place ExampleWhat could probably be adept of the nigh important relationships in a persons life would be with a have intercoursed one who will reciprocate the roll in the hay given. However, it should be noned that relationships do not just grow give care weeds in the garden but are like flowers that have to be intentionally grown, needing love and care.Personally, I have learned important matters that need to be considered in having a relationship to solve it beneficial to the parties involved. I once had a relationship in my earlier years that helped me realize my mistakes and that is destiny and guiding me in the relationship that I currently have. Just a few years ago, I struggled in a relationship that I had with a girl that I met in school. She is pretty, cheerful and period of play to be with and I liked her for beingness so loving and caring. She always wanted us to be together, spending time with each other and talking about a nything only to pass the time together. However, being the outgoing person that I am, I always found it unwieldy to find time for her and this wangle her complain about my attitude. She said that I was to being inconsiderate of her need to be with me and our relationship to be nurtured. She doubted my feelings toward her because I seemed to be more indulged with my friends than with her. Although I tried to explain that my shortcomings are not the measure of my love for her, I somehow failed to be it appear so to her and, we ended breaking up. The break up was difficult for me. I guess I really loved her so much that I was greatly bear upon when we had to part ways. I struggled emotionally and psychologi mobilizey. There were times that I could not sleep strong thought process of her. I tried to make things straight with my former girlfriend, asking for another chance for me to become a better partner to her, telling her that I have already learned my lessons. Nevertheless, th at is perhaps the extent of intellectual that she could give me. She asked me to stop wasting my time going after her. It took me time to finally overcome the tribulation I felt before I finally bounced back to normalizing my activities and making new friends. I could say that my current relationship is going smoothly because I have learned a lot from my mistakes from my medieval relationship. It is not that my relationship with my present girlfriend is perfect but at least, we are able to lean out our differences and make our relationship work. I found out that truly, a relationship should be nurtured to make it grow. When I first had a relationship, communication was open and regular during the first few months but then, I stopped getting in touch with my former girlfriend on a regular hindquarters because I thought I was already familiar with her and was very sure I knew her very well then. Now, I maintain communicating with my friend to avoid similar problems I had in the p ast. Whenever we are not able to see each other during the day, I always make it a point to call my girlfriend and ask how she is and how she spent her time. I think this makes our bond stronger because she sees that I am making efforts to disposition how concerned I am about her. Moreover, whenever I tell her how I spent my day, she stops distressful about me and understands how I spend my time so that whenever I am not able to make it for our dates or other planned activities together, she tries to be considerate and understands

Information System. Information systems have changed the way we Essay

Information System. Information trunks induce changed the way we collaborate and exploit in significant ways. Critically discuss th - Essay display caseIt has been far too long since people have acknowledged that the wired or networked world is revolutionizing business. This phenomenon has surface the way for organisations to better communicate with their market and all the stakeholders involved in the mathematical production and selling of goods and services. In a nutshell, companies use technology and electronic mediation not just to reach out to its consumers and suppliers provided also to automate back-office tasks and industrial operations while pushing ahead with research and development. An important product of this technological development is the design of teaching systems or knowledge management systems where information are imperturbable and stored to be used in decision making for overall organisational improvement (Stahl, p. 113). The efficacy of these systems i s underpinned by the blood line that they play a significant role in social processes and influences people, institutions and groups. Theoretical Framework Information system is not a novel concept. As a matter of fact, theorists cite it as an inherent make of human development. More specifically, it is considered as one of the driving factors why societies develop. Wright (2007, pp.46) pointed out that information systems are already in existence even before the stylus or the clay tablet was invented. There is supposedly a mutually reinforcing relationship between society and culture, where the former creates the latter and the latter creates the former in the process (Wright, p.46). As human beings formed social bonds, a steady stream of symbols representing relationships, interactions, and ideas among other heathenish and social artefacts emerge. These are the information systems of old. Wright identified folk taxonomies, mythological systems and preliterate symbolisms as exam ples of ancient information systems that led us to the brink of literate culture (p.46). Indeed, Headrick (2000, pp.32) argued that without it, Charles Darwins Origin of the Species could not have been conceived because IS, as an organisational system, depicted society with its mediated information culture. The general theory is that information systems are formed when they tog up themselves as new information emerge and assimilated (Wildermuth, 2008, pp.42). As demonstrated by Wright and the works of theorists such as Darwin, IS is inextricably linked to social development. It evolves with it as information flows, created and assimilated. Brown and Duguid (2000) stressed that information technology at once would never be effective if it is not grounded on social life. Otherwise, IS, as an information-driven technology, is expected to lead in a so-called tunnel vision. The idea is that knowledge emerges out of numerous and interlinked variables such as those forces of content, cont ext and community (Stahl, pp.113). These underpin the position that an information system has a sociological character, hence, must be treated as such. Based on the theories, it is easy to understand how modern information systems efficiently work in conditions that feature social processes. This is true in the case of organisations. In a bureaucracy, for instance, which is typified by rules and its rigid and rigid orientation, system orientation adapt and come to reflect the type of bureaucratic

Current Events Journal Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Current Events Journal - Article ExampleThe government activity claims that it needs this design to fight terrorism. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), representing those who have regular overseas dealings, took its suit to District Court last March where it won its argument, but beca make use of of the stay requested by the government, surveillance is continued until the appeals process is complete. The government will submit its arguments to the court by October 13. The ACLU has a month to reply with a ruling expected to be rendered by the end of the year. Whichever side loses the appeal will probable appeal further to the Supreme Court.The ACLU contends that for the government to authorize the unwarranted surveillance of its citizens violates the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution which prohibits the use of general warrants and requires that probable cause be apparent. The National Security Agency (NSA) has had its surveillance curriculum in place for five years i n its global fight on terrorism but has non obtained the proper court-ordered warrants required by law in these monitoring activities. Judge Taylor ruled last distinguished that this violates the civil rights of the Americans affected because the government is not presenting its justifications for its surveillance activities in court. Taylor had ruled that the NSA must stop this program but the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals allowed the stay of that ruling as requested by the government.The scrub administration continues to insist that the Terrorist Surveillance Program is a necessary tool which ultimately protects American citizens. This program has been in existence since the September 11 attacks yet the public has only recently learned of it. at that place are concerns that civil liberties, which are supposed to be protected by the Constitution, are being dilapidate by a government that is overstepping its powers by wiretapping Americans without benefit of a court-ordered

How do you think the media influences the public's perception of the Essay

How do you think the media influences the publics perception of the criminal justness system - Essay ExampleAs per the research of Beale and Lowndes (2007) the media thanks to the advancement in live idiot box broadcasts and the thirst of the public to have the freshest and most exciting discussion possible has forced the once trusty media outlets to feed a frenzy of tabloid news describe when it comes to the criminal justice beat instead. They explained that (Beale & Lowndes, 2007). First, through and through agenda setting and priming, the news medias relentless wildness increases public concern some horror and makes it a more important criteria in assessing political leaders. Once the issue has been highlighted, the news medias emphasis appears to increase support for punitive policies, though the mechanisms through which this occurs are less understood.... Finally, media appears to influence public attitudes about criminal justice policies by instilling and reinforcing ra cial stereotypes and linking race to crime. In other words, the news media no longer just reports the news, it also helps chart the path that the justice system will contribute in relation to a certain crime and the involved soulalities. This charting is based upon the medias own preset criteria of guilt or innocence in relation to their own personal or network standards for news reporting and information gathering.With justice oriented programs like Nancy Grace and Jane Velez gracing out TV screens, I believe that the guess of Beales and Lowndes (2007) carry the proper information and weight for me to understand that the media has influenced our perception of the criminal justice system and non in a good way. These days, we make decisions about the guilt or innocence of a person based upon information that these reporters get and, without verification, tell the viewers about. Instead of allowing to make informed decisions, the media instead asks us to make knee jerk reactions a bout their news reporting which could also be slanted superstar way or another

The Common Agricultural Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The jet Agricultural Policy - testify ExampleThus (at least) from the perspective of the Treaty on European Union, (and its predecessor Treaties) funding for agriculture should be a medium for reducing or eradicating regional disparities at heart the European Union. Funding for agriculture within the Union has historically been dispensed under the habitual Agricultural Policy.The Common Agricultural Policy came into existence in 1962 after the ratification of the Treaty of Rome in 1957 and the resultant governing body of the Common Market. The institution of the Common Market came with Treaty requirements that guaranteed the free movement of goods (among other freedoms like the free movement of services, persons, and capital).The fellow member asseverates of the then European Economic Community - France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxemburg - all had different farming(a) policies that had some state intervention in the sector. France was however notable f or its very strong state intervention in its unsophisticated sector and insisted on the maintenance of subsidies for the country sector as a condition for the establishment of the Common Market. (BBC Q&A, 2005) Thus the issue of free contend guarantees in the Treaty of Rome and the barriers to trade in agricultural products that individual state intervention through subsidies in the agricultural sector would bring was evident. ... olicy thus presented a compromise through which a harmonisation of state intervention on a common stem could be maintained within the free trade guarantees of the Treaty of Rome and for the functioning of the Common Market.The establishment of the Common Agricultural Policy had the following objectives - to increase productivity to ensure fair living standards for the agricultural community, to stabilise markets, to ensure availability of food, and to provide food at reasonable prices. (Article 39 of the Treaty of Rome)In practice, the Common Agricultu ral Policy is a programme of financial aid paid to farmers and a trade policy that sets tariff and quota restrictions on the import of agricultural products from outside the European Unions Common Market. (El-Agraa, 2007) The financial subsidy under Common Agricultural Policy offers a guaranteed minimum price payable to producers of agricultural products, though the actual implementation and maintenance of the subsidy programme varies from different member states in the European Union. The Common Agricultural Policy has undergone changes over time to meet with policy, structural and domestic and international demands for reform among others. Currently, the decoupling strategy is one of the central reform tools being used by the European Union detach achievement subsidies. (Jeffery, 2003) Payment of subsidies is no longer tied to the volume of production of agricultural produce. The single payment organization is one of the policies that have been adopted to decouple subsidies fr om production. (El-Agraa, 2007 Anderson and Josling, 2007) The maintenance of subsidies with production had resulted in a system where farmers produced for subsidies and not needs for the market. This resulted in an over production of

The Struggle for Black Equality in the History of United States Essay

The Struggle for Black Equality in the History of joined States - Essay ExampleThe Struggle for Black Equality in the History of United StatesAfricans hitherto shipped into the country as slaves formed the indenture labor-force that neither qualified for the inalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of joy nor incorporated as a part of the People of the United States a status that their white counterparts wholesomely assumed with the declaration of independence from the colonial masters, the British. Contrary to the great wisdom of the founding fathers putting their reach in the ark of history by framing the guiding principles, the constitution not only protected slavery, and also prescribed punitive treatment for those who dared to escape. Against a backdrop of a series of adversities along racial or gender distinctions, African Americans, subordinated by other groups facing similar fate, resorted to civil rights movements, nonviolent protests, pleas, wakeless court c hallenges as well as petitions to the government of the day to realize gradual improvement in equality and fundamental civil rights.Arguably, the extension of voting rights to the non-property-owning white laborers in the first half of the nineteenth century officially instigated the advocacy for equal treatment. Noting the power of mass movements, the development led to increased prohibition of the agitated native Indians, demanding uplifting of their status, with a concurrent freedom cap on free blacks a scenario that precipitated the only effective slave rebellion in US history, the Turner slave revolt of 1831.

Common Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Common Law - Essay Examplewas extremely slow points towards mistaken representation and it is arguable that this misrepresentation gives Abigail the right to repudiate the contract on the misrepresentation constituting a learn (Poole, 2006). The burden would be on Abigail to prove this, which may be difficult on grounds that in that respect is no record of her telephone conversation with CableFast.Additionally, as the contract was for the cede of services, the Supply of Goods and Services chip 1982 implies terms into Abigails contract, which cannot be excluded and therefore enforceable against CableFast. The 1982 Act provides that in a contract for the supply of services and where the provider acts in the course of a business, there will be an implied term that the supplier will exercise reasonable skill and care in delivering the services.The 1982 Act requires the services to be provided to a satisfactory quality and fit for the purpose intended. Therefore, if Abigail can estab lish breach of these implied terms she will halt a claim for breach of contract. The fact that the broadband connection was very poor will mold in Abigails favour in establishing breach.Alternatively, as the contract is a business to consumer contract and was cogitate via telephone, it will constitute a contract at a distance under Regulation 3 (1) of the Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000 (the Regulations). Most importantly for Abigail is the 7 day cooling off period provided by the Regulations, which alter consumers to cancel the contract during a seven day period. Whilst the Regulations permit businesses to stipulate the conditions and procedures for withdrawal, the right to cancel cannot be derogated from and information regarding the procedure for cancellation must be supplied to the consumer (Regulation 11). As Abigails contract was for the provision of services, Regulation 12 provides her with the right to cancel within 7 working days from when the or der is

Qatars sporting legacy Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Qatars unobjectionable bequest - Research Proposal ExampleThe awarding of 2022 FIFA field Cup to Qatar came as a surprise to near of the Asians, Americans and Europeans. However, the fact is that this Gulf state bagged this honor and privilege after years of painspickings commitment to and investing in sports. That is why Qatar was given a preference over some of the most celebrated sports hubs homogeneous the USA, Australia, South Korea and Japan. This very fact speaks a lot about the sports legacy of Qatar. This privilege was ample volition to the fact that though being a small nation of 1.7 million people, Qatar is capable of great achievements. FIFA World Cup and other such events will certainly give a flip to Qatars rest on the outside(a) stage. The modern Qatar is now being associated with high profile profligate events and is considered to be a champion, as far as the task of committing to and supporting sports is concerned. Qatar took a big gait towards expanding it s sports infrastructure and growth its organizational abilities way back in 2006, when it hosted the Asian Games. Qatar also hosts a trope of international events pertaining to vary sports like golf, soccer, tennis and cricket every year. Actually, this potential of Qatar has attracted the attention and appreciation of the dry land community and the international sports bodies and institutions. The years following the hosting of 2006 Asian Games have witnessed Qatars metamorphosis from being a tiny Arab emirate to a world class sports venue and sporting destination.... The modern Qatar is now being associated with high profile sporting events and is considered to be a champion, as far as the task of committing to and supporting sports is concerned. Qatar took a big step towards expanding its sports infrastructure and developing its organizational abilities way back in 2006, when it hosted the Asian Games. Qatar also hosts a range of international events pertaining to varied spor ts like golf, soccer, tennis and cricket every year. Actually, this potential of Qatar has attracted the attention and appreciation of the world community and the international sports bodies and institutions. The years following the hosting of 2006 Asian Games have witnessed Qatars metamorphosis from being a tiny Arab emirate to a world class sports venue and sporting destination. In the last decade, sports have assumed a central place in the nations cultural and economic life. Qatars sporting prestige has been successful in attracting some of the top notch sport stars like Sergio Garcia, Roger Federer, Justine Henin and Ernie Els to its shores. Hence any(prenominal) attempt to understand Qatars sports legacy ought to take a broad based and holistic perspective, taking into consideration the sanguine political and economic landscape of Qatar that has turned out to be so causative for sports. The Nation Since the second half of the 19th century, Qatar has been ruled by the Al Than i family. During the British reign, Qatar was primarily know to be a small and poor protectorate (The World FactBook 2011 Online). However, post independence, Qatar has evolved into a sovereign state, accruing billions of dollars per year from its oil and natural gas reserves. In the period 1980-1990, the economy of Qatar was severely jeopardized

Rapid-Cycling Populations of Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rapid-Cycling Populations of - taste ExampleIt has already been established that there is a lot of variation in the attributes that distinguish intraspecies taxa. Another weakness is that despite their importance and diversity, there is little genetic information available on brassicas and radish (Williams & Hill 1386). This is brought about (partially) by the long reproductive cycles (6-12 months or more) for majority of horticultural types. in that respect is a close connection between this opus and my experiment this semester. The connection becomes evident when one reads the sections of the paper that detail the various uses and applications of brassica its related species. Economic uses like the production of edible and industrial oils are an indication of the chemical components of brassica. In addition to this, use of brassica as animal fodder, vegetables, and in the production of condiment mustard is testament to the fact that brassica are made up of minerals and other co mponents which are of nutritional value to both humans and

Applied Thermodynamics Design Project Research Paper

Applied Thermodynamics Design Project - look into Paper Examplesaturated) at a given temperature,as well as partial pressure of demeanor, it is greater than the saturation of water vapour, then the water forget evaporate only from its surface (Benabed, 2012 )Usually, there is more evaporation on active swimming ponds as compared occupied swimming pools. This difference is related to the occupier number, the activities on the surrounding environment and also the water conditions as well as the ambient air in the swimming pool hall. ASHRAE recommends the use of a correlation factor which ranges from 0.5 for residential pools to a encourage of 1.0 for the public pools. They also provide carrier evaporation rate equation for predicting the rates of evaporation of occupied pools.For improving efficiency, of the pools environment, these evaporation rates need to be kept at a low train at the same time maintaining a thermal comfort for the swimmers inside the water and also the poo l hall space.This role is played by the air conditioning equipment.This study however aims at analysing the assorted parameters of thedesign of a swimming pool. The pool is an Olympic size and is located in residential location with employment Factor = 0.5. Considering these data, the other parameters such as the power load on the air conditioner, evaporation rate,etc. will be analysed (Sartori,2000)In order to clearly elaborate the energy movements in a swimming pool, we take care the figurebelow. The figure describes the flow of energy in the indoor swimming pool. It also shows the transfer modes that might clear in such a system.Air conditioning systems in indoor swimming pools are normally designed for theprovision of suitable thermal comfort conditions for users in the space pool hall. The indoor temperatures are kept at approximately 30 degcelcious (Mancic, 2014)The main factors contributing to energy loses of an indoor space pool hallinclude Convection at the pool surface Qconv, evaporation at the pools surface QEvap, radiation from surface of

Macro Econ Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Macro Econ - grant ExampleTherefore, scarcity will limit individuals on the basis of limited income, manpower and natural resources, and this puts a limit to the amount of products people have at their disposal.An economys income must be get even to its spending so as to ensure that there is a favorable balance of payments in the economy. For both buyer of a product there must be a seller, and this means that gross domestic product, which is utilized in measuring the levels of expenditure and incomes must be equal. If the expenditures are more than the incomes, there is unfavorable balance of payments, and this implies that the economy is falling apart.The GDP deflator is physical exercised to measure the tracks of all new products that are produced domestically and represents the total worthy of products produced in an economy in a specific period. The GDP deflator will measure the ratio of menstruation price GDP to the real GDP and will show how much the change in GDP from t he specific year relies on the changes in prices of products.The follow outr price index (CPI) is used to study the total widening of the economy, and it is a cost of living indicator and measures the total cost of products purchased by consumers I a country. It helps in determining the purchasing power currency has and compares this to past years to see determine the status of the economy.higher(prenominal) savings lead to higher standards of living because savings are the chief source of capital, which is to some period the backbone of an economy. Savings will refer to accumulated funds, and this implies that an entrepreneur can use these funds to constitute an investment in the future. For example, when starting up a new venture, an entrepreneur will either use their savings or borrow from various institutions so as to fund the start up. If people could consume everything and not save, it implies that there will be no funds to be used in future in the event that an investmen t opportunity comes up. Moreover, when an

Lord of the Flies Essay Example for Free

Lord of the Flies EssayMore than 70,000 people died each at Hiroshima on grand 6 and at Nagasaki on August 9 (Dropping the Bomb 1). In 1941, The United States used a nuclear weapon upon the Japanese to end to Second public struggle. This war had been witness to some of the worst actions gentles have ever committed. Nazi death camps and the millions who died in them revealed the depths of hu composition misery and evil ( worldly concern War II 3). Consequently, it is chthonicstandable that many authors from this time period expressed their opinions on this subject in their literature. William Golding (1911-1993) lived with this war and was scarred by it. Directly following the use of the atomic bomb in World War II, William Golding uses his novel, Lord of the Flies, to comment on the lack of honor in human nature. When he discussed his phonograph record, William Golding tell that the work stemmed from years of brooding that brought him not so much to an opinion as a sta nce. It was like lamenting the lost childhood of the world (Golding, A Moving Target 163). Overall, the work is Goldings response to the tragedies of WWII.Firstly, Golding defines innocence as the ignorance of egotism and the loss of innocence as attaining the tragic knowledge of self (Keating 4). The connotation of the word tragic reveals that Golding has a grim outlook on the inherent qualities of man. With this in mind, the commentator can carry out how initially the boys on the island ar innocent. While were waiting we can have a good time on this island. He gesticulated widely. Its like in a harbor. (Golding, Lord34). Goldings example of the simile comparing the boys new adventurous life on the island to a book explains that the boys ar not fearful, but they are excited and cheerful.This can be determined because the quality of the book that is being stressed in the comparison is its fictional story therefore the comparison lets the ref see that they do not take their situation seriously. It is clear that in the beginning of the story the boys are happy-go-lucky and happy-go-lucky. Golding provided knows that this is not human nature, What Im saying to myself is, Dont be such a fool, you remember when you were a boy, a small boy, how you lived on that island with Ralph and Jack and Peterkin. Now you are grown up, you can see people are not like that (Golding qtd Kermode 10).Finally, Golding understands that people are not as lighthearted as the boys seem to be Golding makes the boys mature throughout the course of the novel such that he can comment on the human condition through them. Further more, since WWII has made him believe so, Golding specifically is trying to say in this book that homo are inherently evil. With the use of setting (an island with no adults and no society) Golding gives the boys the ability to express their innermost qualities with no tangible punishments.The first real instance involving multiple boys that sink to evi l is the scene when the inclineers murder the sow. The pig-hunting of power days has been relatively innocent, but to fully dramatize the deep inner evil that takes possession of the boys Golding depicts more than a mere killing (Johnston 3). Roger ran round the heap, prodding with his spear wherever pigflesh appeared. Jack was on crystallise of the sow, stabbing downward with his knife. Roger run aground a lodgment for his spear and began to push till he was slant with his whole weight. The spear moved forward inch by inch and the terrified squealing became a high-pitched scream.Then Jack found the throat and the hot tune spouted over his hands. The sow collapsed under them and they were heavy and fulfilled upon her. (Golding, Lord 125) For example, this quote illustrates quite vividly how atavistic the hunters have become. The diction that Golding uses in this section is purposeful. The words Golding has chosen are meant to parallel the concept of rape. It is in this paragra ph that the hunters lose their innocence, in the physical sense of rape, and the symbolic sense of understanding what they are capable of, murder.In both cases however it is very clear that these boys have begun to lose their grip on their morals. In this case as compared to the foregoing attempted murder of a pig which was unsuccessful, the ability to kill has come at the price of the boys innocence (Golding, Lord31). Overall, as the novel progresses Goldings message becomes clearer, and he displays that the evil qualities in people are intrinsic and they cover the innocence. Correspondingly, the hunting becomes increasingly destructive as time goes on and Golding makes the message clearer still. Pig-hunting was a source of food to the good of group but when Jack refused to recognize the validity of the rules and subjugate onwards his powerful instinct, the productive task became a destructive task and genocide was rampant. (Anjum, Nawaz, Ramzan 4).The mob psyche found in the t ribe of hunters and the lack of societys boundaries is what leads the hunters to kill their friends. When Simon came down from the mountain in an epileptic haze and stumbled into the hunters dance they were chanting, Kill the beast Cut his throat Spill his blood (Golding, Lord 153). Chanting is a very primitive act, less than singing, yet more commanding than on the nose speaking. Goldings choice to use a chant collectively addresses the groups mob mentality and atavistic tendencies.This group then proceeds to attack and kill Simon. This transgression, the murder of their friend, is a strike against the boys innocence. The succeeding(a) morning however, Piggy cannot deal with the truth and so in an attempt to maintain his innocence he suggests that they should forget around the whole act (Golding, Lord 157). Piggy searches desperately for any defense against the accusation, for the essential function is to maintain ones innocence (Reilly 7). In accordance with Goldings definitio n of innocence, by blocking out the truth about that night, Piggy is trying to maintain his innocence because he is maintaining his ignorance about the human condition and its evil abilities. Finally, the hunt for Ralph is the last and most extreme of all of the hunting expeditions. The Hunters had smoked him out, and set the island on fire such that Ralph could not backtrack and escape his death (Golding, Lord197). altogether of the hunters searched for Ralph in a race crossways the island and Ralph was left to run like prey. However they ran out of beach and were met with a naval police officer and his ship. Golding terminate the novel in this was to create an ironic situation that would bring the theme, human nature lacks innocence, into the real world. Golding did this by having the officer say, I should have thought that a pack of British boyswould have been able to posture up a better show than that (Golding, Lord 201-202). This line is surrounded in irony because the war that the boys were having is just as horrid as the war that the naval officer was involved in.The dialogue Golding uses for the officer connects the lack of innocence to the human nature that exists outside of the island and in all of our homes. Additionally, when Ralph is confronted with how much he has changed since he arrived at the island, he recognizes his and all of humanitys true, inner self and then, Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of mans heart, and the true, wise friend called Piggy (Golding, Lord 202). Golding finishes the novel in this way such that the reader can draw connections into their lives and their hearts.But specifically, Its initial success reflected post-war pessimism, the loss of what Golding has called his generations liberal and naive belief in the perfectability of man (van Vuuren 1). Overall, Golding wished to express his view that serviceman were inherently lacking innocence as his response to WWII. All in all, William Golding used d iction, characterization, plot, irony, similes and metaphors to explain his stance on the human condition after witnessing the destructiveness that came out of World War II.His unique perspective was passed on through the words into the readers life where it could closure and make them think about the world with a different perspective. The transitions from innocence to corruption in the hunters has undefended the readers eyes, and it has painted the picture of WWII in a new light. William Golding responded to his experiences, and his attempt to pass on his opinions about how humans are lacking innocence in their nature created the work that is Lord of the Flies.

Professional Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Professional Philosophy EssayKellie Boudreaux kab1631 9/12/13 HLTH-214-S4A (Personal Professional Philosophy) wellness is a very important lifestyle choice. It is not only physical but also a mental way of thinking. Being strong can change ones perspective on life in a positive manner. Health helps you achieve balance and tranquility. Health in general can beat a biotic community together and enforce positive behaviors. I look at health educators can mentor individuals to make choices that would enhance their life style.Health Promotion and Wellness stresses prevention techniques and being conscience of ones distinguish of health. It is valued because it directly affects ones daily lifestyle. Health promotion employees may take on from schools, all work environment, or within the community to spread health promotion. As a health promotion and wellness major we should be a social function model to the community. We are the example and should practice what we preach. Jus t with whatever other profession, a cardiovascular doctor would not promote smoking or anything harmful to the physical structure to cause illness. With this major you can work in many environments such as a hospital, school, community center, and businesses. Health promotion is necessary in all aspects of the community. It is important that a community maintains a whole value to restrict illness and viruses from spreading. You could serve as a personal mentor to someone who is meddlesome for help with their health. Or you could work for a business promoting healthier lifestyles dealing with their work ethnic.Health statement can be both formal and informal. Meeting scenario or classroom environments can be a type of formal education. An informal type of education can be just a person-to-person conversation in a relaxed environment. In the profession you are dealing with peoples health, so you need to be ethical and respect peoples privacy. It is your job to understand and res pect peoples health history. Everyones health is equally important no matter of race, age, or social background. As a health educator, I need to always immortalise each person I work with bequeath have a different attitude and extinct look on life. Supporting ones health is a major key to lead someone to their healthy life. I must always respect ones background and beliefs. Ifthey are willing to improve their health thence that is what matters. It is our job to highlight the importance of ones health. It is not just going to the gym, it is managing stress and mental prosperity.I believe that health is an important aspect of life. Many things involve mental and physical health. I hope to suffer to individuals well-being by providing healthy lifestyle choices. I want to work with the client and also any outside support systems that would contribute to their success. I believe supporting my clients is an important factor in ones conclusion set for a healthier lifestyle. Health pro motion also involves with an on going relationship with your clients. I believe in being committed and connected with all of my clients in all environments I work with. No only being committed, I also want to be a mentor and role model to show my clients what it takes to live a healthy lifestyle. Each individuals have different plans to manage their health according to their belief system and oddments they want to achieve. Teaching my clients how to integrate healthy living into their daily lifestyles will be a goal of mine throughout my future career. I can achieve this goal by establishing personal relationships and creating a personalized health plan for each of my clients.

Interaction of Ethnic, National or Cultural Influences Essay Example for Free

fundamental interaction of Ethnic, National or Cultural Influences EssayAll around the world people are coordinate in societies differentiated ethnicalally, nationally and ethnically. In our mind under the interethnic relations are traditionally still subjectively drived relations amid people of different nationalities, between ethnic communities, which are manifested in attitudes and orientations of interethnic contacts in various areas of cooperation, national stereotypes, attitudes and behavior, and the actions of people of specific ethnic communities.It is in this area in the root place are projected economic, social and political issues. They acquire an ethnic form and de put outr a lot of trouble to society, leading to inter-ethnic tensions, local ethnic conflicts, the growth of ethnic migrations. Ethnic tensions, the state of hostility, distrust, reciprocal complaints and dissatisfaction arises or may arise from time to time between any nations that are permanently or temporarily in contact with each opposite.Ethnic tensions depend on several factors 1) The history of transnational relations, the historical memory of the nature of relations between the peoples at different stages (often these relationships take the form of current ethnic tension) 2) the level of economic learning of the parties, among representatives of different nations place in the system of production and station (industrial specialization, predominance of members of certain nationalities in professional and social groups, the dominance of different forms of ownership, quality of life, etc.)3) the structure of the cultural development of the nation the predominance of rural or urban population, the level of education and professional qualifications. on that point are allocated the following phenomena and processes that significantly affect the formation and strengthening of interethnic tension 1) the lack of a consistent policy of condemnation and suppression of nat ional manifestations of violence 2) the possibility of negative attitudes towards representatives of the people associated in the eye of other nations with the administrative-command apparatus3) the position of people who have been persecuted and mass deported during the repression, particularly those that have not been returned to their places of radical 4) a sense of national enmity against those nationalities that, in terms of population in some(prenominal) regions, live better than we do. These representations are caused by a variety of reasons, including the identification of the people with the most frequently identify by its representatives. According to M.Walzer, positive ethnic identity is a balance of tolerance for their own and other ethnic groups, which allows us to consider it, on the one hand, as a condition of an independent and motionless existence of an ethnic group, on the other as a condition of peaceful intercultural multi-ethnic world, interactions, excludi ng ethnic phobias and con seemation. According to N. M. Lebedeva on ethnic tolerance, defined as the adoption of ethno-cultural differences, and the exclusion of ethnophobia and ethnic confrontations have effects such socio-psychological factors as 1) the degree of ethnic and cultural competence2) psychological readiness for intercultural dialogue 3) The experience and skills of intercultural understanding and cooperation. All these parameters are amenable to the formation and development and in need of professional development by education and socio-psychological training of intercultural interaction. Violation of a positive image of their own group tends to cut ethnic tolerance (YA Gayurova, TG Stefanenko, AN Tatarko, FM Malhozova).9/11 After Twins being attacked Americans stopped part Irish Republican Army (IRA Nationalist violent group in Northenr Ireland) when they understood what the terrorism is and what the causes and ending are. After the terrorist attacks marked a sur ge of crimes against people from the Middle East, and other people who looked similar. Suffered even whatsoever Sikhs who wear turbans, traditionally associated with Muslims.Reported insults,attacks on mosques and other religious buildings (including the burning of a Hindu temple), and attacks on people, including one murder, kinfolk 15, was mortally wounded by Balbir Singh Sodhi, a Sikh who was mistaken for a Muslim. 130 place of President Bush after the attacks rose to 86%. 131 September 20, 2001 the President spoke to the nation and a joint session of Congress, regarding the events of 11 September, following the rescue and recovery operations, as well as the answer of the U.S. governments intentions. In addition, the important role played by New York City whitethornor Rudy Giuliani, who deserved the mouthful of the public, both in New York and at the national level. Deportations 1941 in USSR. After the publication of the Decree of the presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the U SSR On the resettlement of Germans living in the Volga region of 28 August 1941 has been eliminated self-directed Republic of the Volga Germans and produced total deportation of Germans from ASSR.For this purpose, in advance on the territory of the Autonomous Republic of NP were introduced NKVD troops. Germans were ordered within 24 hours to prepare for resettlement and a limited number of its assets to arrive at the collection points. German inhabitants of the republic were taken to remote areas of Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia. According to this decree in September and October 1941 were deported 446,480 Soviet Germans (according to other sources 438 280).In September 1941, many military service persons of German nationality were sent from the front to the rear. In subsequent months, the deportation has touched almost the entire German population living in European Russia and the Caucasus that were not occupied by the Wehrmacht. The resettlement of Germans made gradually an d was completed by May 1942. Totally during the war were moved up to 950 thousand Germans. 367,000 Germans were deported to the east the republic of Komi, in the Urals, Kazakhstan, Siberia and the Altai.Babi Yar Estimate between 100 and 150 thousands jewish people were killed during WW 2 in Babi yar. There were a lot of interactions in different influences during many different events and specific situation that caused a lot of deaths of innocent people. Sometimes many cultures, nations and ethnoses are discriminated or even eliminated because of misunderstanding. It will happen untill people do not understand that thither are more other non-violent ways of solving problems.

Immanuel Kant Essay Example for Free

Immanuel Kant EssayHUMES FORK David Hume divides cutledge into two classes relations of ideas (i. e. tautologies) and matters of fact (i. e. empirical statements). His book concludes (on p. 165) with the following paragraph When we carry through over libraries, persuaded of these principles, what havoc must we make? If we take in our hand any volume of divinity or school metaphysics, for instance let us ask, Does it contain any abstract reasoning concerning measuring rod of number? No.Does it contain any experimental reasoning concerning matter of fact or worldly concern? No. Commit it so to the flames for it fucking contain nothing but sophistry and illusion. LOGICAL advantageousness Humes Fork was updated by modern logical positivists (such as A. J. Ayer, Antony Flew and Gilbert Ryle) who proposed the Verification Principle.This reads that sentences ar nevertheless meaningful if they are tautologies (which are professedly because of the definitions of the footing involved, e. g.a square has four sides, six is bigger than four), or if they are in some way empirically confirmable (i. e. connected with actual experience, e. g. Harold lost at Hastings, electrons are both particles and waves). Any other statements result be meaningless, because their truth is not decided by either definitions or evidence. According to Ayer, this makes discussion almost religion and morality meaningless. Religious statements worry god is love are not false, they are incapable of organism either true or false. half dozen IMPORTANT CONCEPTS Area Term a priori Meaning K straightawayable before experience, through thought unsocial Empirical known through experience has to be true (in all possible worlds) capable of being either true or false tautologies statements concerned only with meanings of words statements concerned with information about the world Example five is bigger than four Problems Can anything be known without experience? (e. g. maths). Could you know something about the world a priori? Could someone (e. g. God) know everything a priori? Is it possible that all truths are requirement, point empirical ones?Or is it possible that there is no such thing as a necessary truth? It may be arbitrary which terms are definitions, and which are birdcalls about the world. We might agitate a terminology so that the analytical truth became synthetic, and vice versa. Epistemology a posteriori necessary Metaphysics contingent analytic Language synthetic cars have four wheels air is a gas air contains oxygen theres a stone in my shoe triangles have three sides Hume and the Logical Positivists believe that these terms fall strictly into two groups a) a priori-necessary-analytic, and b) a posteriori-contingent-synthetic.This means that if something is necessarily true, this is because it is true by definition, and can be known by thinking about it. If a statement is about the real world, then it could be false, and you need experience t o know it. (This would immediately rule out the Ontological Argument for God). These empiricists claim that a priori synthetic truths are impossible, whereas rationalists like Kant think you can know things about the world honourable by thinking about them (e. g. maths). APPLICATION TO RELIGION Statements are only meaningful (it is claimed) if they are true by definition, or if they are empirical.So which group do statements about religion fall into? If they are only true by definition, then outsiders can ignore them because religion is just an arbitrary game like chess. If they are empirically verifiable, then sceptical philosophers can demand to see some germane(predicate) evidence. Flews Gardener Parable (p. 225) is a demand for evidence. If none can be offered, then the claim is meaningless (not false). DEFENCES OF RELIGION The most basic defence is to deny empiricism (consider the views of Plato, Anselm, Descartes and Kant). Logical positiveness can be attacked.Its main pro blems are 1) the Verification Principle cant be express clearly it is either so precise that it eliminates sensible conversation, or so vague that it allows apparitional verbiage 2) the Verification Principle must itself be either a tautology or empirically verifiable 3) a sentence like God is love can be proved meaningful by connecting it very vaguely and remotely with some empirical observation. BRAITHWAITES DEFENCE Braithwaite (following the later Wittgenstein) claims that language is meaningful, not if it passes the Verification Principle, but if it has an appropriate use in actual life.The main use of religious language is to express the intentions of believers. In Braithwaites view this is primarily a moral intention. Because a sentence like God is love is part of a way of life in which the speaker is committing themselves to live by love, the sentence is meaningful. HICKS DEFENCE (ESCHATOLOGICAL VERIFICATION) Hicks defence is that religious language is a commitment to som ething which will happen in the future day, and so it cannot be verified now (e. g. decimals of ? not yet discovered). He tells the parable of the Celestial City (p. 26).He discusses problems with knowing in an future whether religion has indeed been verified, but clearly it could be. Suppose, for example, that we confronted God, and were overwhelmed by his love? Such faith in the future may be open to other objections (why believe this? ), but the claim seems at least to be meaningful (just like Aristotles problem about the truth today of there will be a sea fight tomorrow), because Hick has shown that there is some (future) evidence which is relevant. negligible reading The Existence of God (ed. J. Hick) pp. 217-220, 225-27, 239-41, 258-60.

Culture and Hipster Central Dogma Essay Example for Free

horticulture and Hipster Central Dogma EssayHipster is a subculture of young (15 25), urban middle twelvemonth adults and older teenagers that appeared in the 1990s.The subculture is associated with non-mainstream lifestyle. They value self-governing thinking, progressive politics, creativity, intelligence and non-mainstream mien sensibility. Most of them can be found living in the big cities like New York, Chicago, and San Francisco. Also hipsterism is oftentimes intertwined with distinct dash sensibilities . flower people reject the culturally-ignorant attitudes of mainstream consumers, and are often be seen wearing vintage, tight jeans, old-school sneakers, and often thick rimmed glasses. work force and women flower people have similar androgynous hair styles that include combinations of dirty shag cuts and asymmetric side-swept bangs. such(prenominal) styles are the work of creative stylists at urban salons, and are usually not mainstream. Despite the misconception do on the external image, hipsters tend to be well educated in sciences, which require trusted creative analytical thinking abilities. This leads to the fact that they find themselves in creative works, such as music, art, and fashion industries.It is a myth that most hipsters are unemployed and live off of their parents trust funds. Hipsters shun mainstream, It is part of the hipster central dogma not to be influenced by mainstream advertising and media. This is tends to however promote ethnocentric ideals of beauty, the concepts of androgyny and feminism have influenced hipster culture, where hipster men are often as thin as the women they date. Women view the muscular, athletic and other male ideals as symbols of their oppression, sexism, and misogyny. Likewise, culturally-vapid sorority-type girls with fake flaxen hair, overly tanned skin, and Britney Spears tube-tops are not seen as attractive by genteel hipster males who sort of see them as symbols of female insecurity, l ow self-esteem, and lack of cultural intelligence and independent thinking.Likewise, girls with fake ash-blonde hair and overly tanned skin are not seen as attractive by cultured hipster males who instead see them as symbols of female insecurity, low self-esteem, and lack of cultural intelligence and independent thinking. There are many interracial couples in hipster subculture because they are very racially open-minded. Although hipsters are conformists within their own subculture, in comparison to the much larger mainstream mass they are pioneers current cultural trends and ideals.For example many bands have become successful and known to mainstream audiences only because hipsters offset printing found and listened to them as early-adopters of new culture. Once certain concepts of fashion and music have reached mainstream audiences, hipsters croak on to something new and improved. Once something from fashion and music have reached mainstream audiences, hipsters move on to some thing new. Because of the mature of various online photo-blog and social networking sites, insights into urban hipster culture is reaching sheltered suburban audiences at an exponential function rate. Cultural norms have been deconstructed by hipster culture as a whole.

Charles Dickens presentation Essay Example for Free

Charles Dickens presentation EssayDo you feel that Charles Dickens presentation of Joe Gargery makes him calculate on balance a paradoxical person or some integrity worthy of our pry? In Great Expectations, Joe Gargery comes into the novel bity times. Sometimes he is portrayed as a very foolish person but other times he actually is quite clever and worthy of our respect. At the beginning of the novel, he seems foolish in the sense that he is a very simple man and does nothing to hide it. When patch is reading him a letter, Joe remarks Why, heres a J, said Joe, and a O pertain to anythinkHeres a J and a O, Pip, and a J-O, Joe. Pip carries on by saying I had never heard Joe read aloud to any great extent than this monosyllable, and I had observed at perform last Sunday when I accidentally held our Prayer-Book upside smoothen, that it seemed to suit his convenience quite as intimately as if it had been all right. There be many more examples of his foolishness but ther e is one important point that must be included to understand why Joe roams up with Mrs Joes nagging the strong time.He tells Pip about how his father beat his mother and him constantly and he hammered at me with such a wigour only to be equalled by the wigour with which he didnt hammer at his anwil. Youre a audience and understanding, Pip? He then reveals that Mrs Joe doesnt like scholarly people in her house And she aint over incomplete to having scholars on the premises Joe continued, and in partickler would not be over partial to my being a scholar, for tending as I might rise. Like a sort of rebel, dont you see? In this there is a clear sign that Joe doesnt loss any disharmony in his house and he doesnt want to get across his wife like his dad finenessed his mum. So for this causa he puts up with Mrs Joe knocking his notch for a little while against the wall behind him when he steps out of line. For this reason, it seems we must respect him as someone who learns no t from his mistakes, but other peoples. There are times in the novel, where Joe seems to be acting really stupidly but is in fact being proud.The first time this crops up is when Joe and Pip go to Satis House to talk to lady friend Havisham. Joe, to Pips embarrassment, refuses to talk to Pip as though Miss Havisham is not there Pip, returned Joe, cutting me short as if he was hurt, which I meantersay that were not a read/write head requiring a answer betwixt yourself and me, and which you agnise the answer to be full well No. You know it to be No, Pip, and wherefore should I say it? Miss Havisham has just asked Joe a question and it is strange that he addresses Pip instead.Pip after becoming a gentleman, is very snobbish and looks down on Joe. For this reason Joe tries to act very upper class and tries not to embarrass Pip in front of his friends. Since you are so kind as make chice of coffee, I will not run contrairy to your own opinions. He reverberates Pip Sir many times and at one point Pip says Joe, I interrupted, pettishly, how can you call me Sir? However even after this scene which Joe looks foolish, he actually regains his dignity Joe looked at me for a superstar instant with something faintly like reproach.Utterly preposterous as his cravat was, and as his collars were, I was conscious of a sort of dignity in the look. Here we have two contrasting statements. Pip tells us that Joe looks passing foolish in his cravat and collar but under the foolishness is someone who is extremely dignified. Not many people are like that especially when their son, has just rebuked them for addressing them wrongly. The next time Joes dignity really shines by dint of is when he leaves Pip on page 222. He knows he looks stupid in the clothes because and says so Im wrong in these clothes.Im wrong out of the forge, the kitchen, or off th meshes Im awfully dull, but I hope Ive beat out something nigh the rights of this at last The terrible thing is, is that Joe kn ows Pip looks down on him and is ashamed of him. He says You wont find half(prenominal) so much fault in me if you think of me in my forge dress, with my hammer in my hand, or even my pipe. You wont find half as much fault in me if, supposing as you should ever wish to see me, you come and put your head in at the forge winder He knows Pip looks down on him and is embarrass about him, he feels sorry for Pip and blames it on himself. This is a very honourable thing to do and definitely makes us show respect for him. We see other characters from different pieces of literature placed in similar situations and act very differently and with less patience. For example Eddie Carbone in A View for the Bridge. When Pip becomes ill, due to a number of things severe burning, a run-in with Orlick and Provis becoming captured, Joe comes to visit him and looks after him.Joe doesnt want to fall into embarrassing Pip again. Due to Pips earlier disrespect towards Joe, Joe is less easy with Pip. B ut, imperceptibly, though I held them fast, Joes hold upon them began to slacken and whereas, I wondered at this at first, I soon began to understand that the cause of it was in me, and that the fault of it was all mine. Joe has regained his dignity so instead of getting emotionally close to Pip, he draws himself off from him as soon as he senses he is getting stronger.Joe, earlier on is obviously nerve-wracking to impress Pip by learning to write and Pip starts crying because he sees the pride with which Joe has create verbally the letter to him. Pip is very lucky to have an uncle like Joe because Joe is an excellent person. On the surface he seems to be foolish but underneath he is a pure and righteous man. He ever forgives Pip for whatever injustice Pip does to him. In the balance, the reasons we should respect Joe Gargery far outweigh the reasons why we should treat him like a foolish character and one that is not worthy of our respect.

Interpretations of our Culture and gender Essay Example for Free

Interpretations of our Culture and gender canvasCulture is a representation of many aspects ranging from indigenous practices, eating habits and even clothing, thus culture is convey all the way by many and various ways, customs, habits and behaviors. Nevertheless culture is also identified through talking to. Culture and language are so intertwined and in that complexity, culture can neither be apart(p) from language nor can language be separated from culture. The way people choose to use language in various phases of life affiliates them to a one specific culture from the other. In this context, cultures are rattling different from one another, for instance in just about cultures women have no voice in confederacy and on that point are roles that they are not allowed to play. However, (Embers 2007) note that, it must not be forgotten that some people can create a class through stratification or class which whitethorn end in discrimination or segregation. In this case t here is class of the forgetful and another of the rich and through these classes people develop a culture befitting them.In matters of finish or gender, some ethnic groups are very discriminative towards women and the class of women has been given lesser roles in society than men. Women do not make findings or are not involved in decision making processes or procedures. However, it has dawned in many cultures that women play vital roles for the survival of many societies. Many set cultures that have rendered women voiceless have realized women at many a times make resplendent decisions than expected. So, what have they done?Women have been listened to and many have been given powerful leadership positions in such cultures to make impacting decisions. Currently, in many cultures women are leaders and they have performed. So far so good, there is no major disagreement and the way forward for many cultures is not to use gender or sex as a whip, but to be specific let girls and bo ys in any heathen setting get contact education, position and or all other favors, then give them equal opportunities. Reference Ember, C. Ember, M. (2007). Cultural Anthropology, 12th Edition. New Jersey Pearson Education, Inc.

Philosophy of Gender Essay Example for Free

Philosophy of grammatical gender EssaySome people aspire for successful lives, that I think success is overrated. What Im attempt to do is living my life according to what I think is right. This means learning non still inside the classroom, further overly outside. This is because I believe that education inside the classroom is very limited, which is why we should take the initiative to control our education. So I start my day by having breakfast. I also read the paper while eating. One must still be aware of the current semipolitical and social issues we must never be isolated from society. These are the peoples issues, so we must not be isolated from what they are engaged in. We are working for a collapse society not for ourselves, but also for different people and the next generation, so we must be integrated with their issues. After breakfast, I go to school. In school, aside from attending class, I remonstrate to the personnel. I ask their opinion on issues. I as k how their lives are. Through this way, I get a perspective on how they think. It is very evoke because they are usually very outspoken. Sometimes, I learn so much more from them than the textbooks they make us read in class. After class, I sometimes do volunteer work. I treat this as my other class. It supplements what I learn in class, and sometimes I get to apply what I knowledgeable inside the classroom as well. This class teaches me a assign, from relating with other people to critical thinking. Then I go home. I eat, study, then read. I may not throw away a lot of stuff, but I do have a lot of books. I love reading. This opens my mind to a lot of possibilities, as well as solutions. I also love reading about great betting odds being surpassed by ordinary people. For a democracy to work, I think the citizens should be proactive people. For this to happen, they have to be trained even while in school. And this would entail letting them take control of their education, supp lying their own curriculum, carrying out their own lesson plan.When one speaks of a rational read of consciousness, one is talking of the introduce when ones mind is consciously doing something, the likes of crossing the street. This kind of state requires ones full attention. When one speaks of non-rational consciousness, it is when ones mind is benignant in an activity that ones mind can do subconsciously its whole attention is not on the activity. Habits and learned behavior fall under this state. An example would be tapping ones foot. And when one talks of the irrational state, it is the state of being unconscious, such as sleeping deeply. When in this state, one is unaware of what is happening.Have you had your heart distressed? I have, once. I loved her, but she left me. Maybe she thought the world is a better companion. I do not know. It has been years. Her name was Lilith. She was a remarkable being, all magic and desire. She had hair that was like waterfalls cascading d own to earth fluid, wild, breath-taking, hypnotizing. Her body was like the hills and mountains of the earth, curvaceous and fertile. She also provided the intellectual stimulation that I needed. In my youth, I was too arrogant and stubborn to see that. I had asked Father for a mate. I was lonely, and I had no one to share my experiences of naming and taking care of the creatures Father put under my care. I also wanted someone who would complement my efforts of organizing the whole of Creation, listening intently, while serving me a red-hot meal. So I told the Father how lonely I was. He do a mate, and called it woman. I recognized her, and we lived together. I thought we were going to be happy together forever in paradise. I made her wait on me, serve me, obey me. I wanted her to only wander when I was with her. I wanted her to do all the domestic duties, because I was busy managing the Garden of Eden. We got along sometimes. Lilith, skilled with words, would establish to my su mmary of what I did during the day, pointing out which names fitted the creature exactly. I thankfully used her suggestions, being ungainly with words, having been alone for some time. But mostly we fought day and night. We had different views on most things. She wanted to talk about how we feel I could not successfully keep up with her analysis on why she is annoyed when the sheep just leaves its droppings lying around.She wanted to do things on her own she could not go steady that I was afraid of losing her, which is why I do not want her wandering off. She wanted the exclusive right of naming and managing the creatures in Creation I could not make her understand that this was a job apt(p) to me, and she should try other activities in the Garden. She talked of how Eden could be made better I would rather heighten on the conditions now. So we fought. She would not do the things I told her were her duties as my wife. She said she wanted to do other things. She could not underst and that her declining means undermining my authority. I know I should not have shouted at her and pulled her hair, but she made me angry. So when she left, I did not go looking for her. We have had disputes before, and though it is contrary her to not talk the problem over, I decided to pay no heed. But then, days after, she has not yet returned. So I told the Father of my concern. He sent messengers to her, but she would not yield. She would not advance back to Eden, to me.

Battle Royal. Ralph Ellison Essay Example for Free

troth Royal. Ralph Ellison EssayI felt like he had never experienced racism to the extent that he did that day. I believe that he walked into the smoker believing the snow-clad people were actually interested in what he had to say. He was even prideful turn overing that he was better than the other boys he was strained into the elevator with I felt superior to them in my way, and I didnt like the humannessner in which we were all crowded together into the servants elevator (pg. 287). The author writes about them being packed into this elevator designated for servants. I pictured animals set for slaughter, which was not far from what the battle was, packed into a cart terrified and bewildered. maybe the young man believed that times had changed from when his grandfather was alive. Like the average teenager he may sustain believed that no unitary can understand the culture and the time quite like they can. He may have suasion that his grandfathers perspective was that of a bitter old man and that lily-white people really did care about him and the rest of his people. The grandfathers deathbed words affect the fighter character throughout the story like the haunting of a ghost.His words tell the young man to act how the white people would like and say what they would have him say. At first I estimation he was telling his grandson to stay the same and accept oppression as a way of life. In actuality I think he was telling him that he would get further acting correctly and then he would by lashing out or acting irrationally. I think the grandpa knew that in order to gain respect you must act like they expected instead of becoming a radical for change. I think that essentially he was trying to tell his family to kill them with kindness. M some(prenominal) symbols were leave in this story. The naked blonde woman who was forced to dance in front of the workforce is the first. I believe that, much like the workforce, the blonde was a victim. The au thor even says that when they picked her up and tossed her around she had threat and disgust in her eyes. (pg. 288) To the glowering men she symbolized something that they were not allowed to have. I thought that although she was white she was still a victim to the powerful men of the town. She was forced into the ring the same way that the black men were.It seemed as if the author wanted to illustrate the complete disregard these white powerful men had for any one else. The American flag tattoo on the womans belly was ironic. I think that the flag, to umteen people, symbolizes freedom and rights. People around the world associate the American flag with freedoms unlike those in any other country. I think that on the stomach of the blonde woman it was a slap in the face. The black men saw the flag on her body and knew that they could not have her, nor could they have the freedoms that they were authorize to as citizens of this country.The flag shook and waved with the movements o f her body, taunting the men. Waving at them, as if beckoning them to come to her, yet they were ineffectual to because of their skin color. Much like the liberties of the United States that waved themselves in the face of the black people but they could not have because of their skin color. The author mentioned red, white and blue multiple times in the story. I thought that the references to the colors symbolic to this country were interesting. I think he used them much the same as he used the flag on the womans stomach.They were symbols exclusive to the United States, which is supposed to be a enjoin of freedom however the black people were only allowed to take part half way. The author spoke of the mens red faces from their drinking, and the lipstick of the young woman was also red. The men were white along with the dancers skin which was a stark contrast to the young men she was surrounded by. I think that it is ironic that white is often associated with good, or innocence whi le black is symbolic of shabbiness or wickedness. In this story the roles were reversed. The white people were wicked and the black people were victims.Smoke in large quantities creates a blue haze like what might have been present in the ballroom. I think that it is interesting the use of blue because it can be associated with suffocation. I think that is what the white men were doing to the black men. They were suffocating them with their presence and their oppression. The coins that they were forced to scramble for off of the electric mat were terribly sad. They were for cars, which surely none of the men could afford. I thought it was sad they were scrambling for little amounts of money or none at all.Finally the last thing I think that was symbolic was the scholarship. While it was a great sacrifice from the community, I think that it was also another stab at black people and their place in society. By giving the young man a scholarship to the states leading black college th e town was saying that he was allowed the opportunity to further his education but had to remain in his place amongst the other black people. I thought that the fight the men were fighting was not just against the white people. Sadly the white people turned the black people on one another.The whites did everything they could to tear the black people down including letting them tear each other apart. I think that the older perspective allows for us to see how he had developed as a man. He has education and a broader perspective on the world. The 17 year olds perspective was very narrow because he had not yet seen the crimes white people were capable of. The older man was not surprised or phased by the way that white people behaved with regards to blacks. I also think that as he grew older he found a part of himself that lacked.

Current Event on India Essay Example for Free

Current yield on India EssayIndia is seeking information from China as to why their ratio of trade in is so skewed. China has been exporting to India far more than it has been importing. This scenario has been reflected globally, with many countries wondering why China has reduced their imports so much. China has also put a fling on Indian Iron Ore, their main export, causing more tension between the new countries. China professes to be increasing their trade annually, pulling them discover of the worldwide recession, but many economists and financial experts, including some within China itself, are skeptical as to the legitimacy of these statements. This article relates to our international stintings unit that we just completed. China has put a dislodge on iron ore and slackened their rate of import of Indian goods, causing a problem in their balance of trade. The article was easy to follow and understand due to the lesson that we just completed on trade barriers. The art icle also shows how government as well as business has a role in promoting trade and controlling the amount of trade that occurs between specific countries.I feel that China is being cheating(prenominal) to India by not granting them the information that they request. Refusing to trade with a country is one thing, but severely cut down trade without an explanation is uncalled for and suspicious. Their decisions regarding imports and exports affect a massive part of the world economy because of their economic strength. Their ban on Iron Ore from India is specifically detrimental to Indias balance of trade because of its dependency on the pack for iron ore as an export. With China being one of its largest consumers, this severely impedes Indias development. As an Indian economic analyst, I would be seriously questioning Chinas intentions after this move.

Definitions Of Assessment And Classroom Based Assessment English Language Essay

Definitions Of judgement And Classroom Based judicial decision inc neckcloth style EssayThe coach of this chapter is to look at relevant research studies in likeness to sound judgement in the schoolroom context, and to explore the role of classroom sagaciousness in more(prenominal) details, with a ad hoc focus on constructive spoken communication discernment. It appears that the teachers classroom estimation practices and strategies whitethorn directly impact learners acquire, and this includes upstart learners.(Oksananot only with progeny learners..so what should I put here) Classroom teachers argon in the front line of gartering learners attainment and billhook outing their performance in the classroom. Thus, the literature toleratevas is main(prenominal)ly concerned with the role of classroom judicial decision and the relationship amongst classroom appraisal practices and breeding. The interest section clarifies some terminology and explores the li nk up between sound judgment and learnedness with teen linguistic process learners in the EFL context by a review of literature on experiences of perspicacity with primary-age learners.2.2 Definitions of judgement and classroom-based judgingIn this section, the description of the term legal opinion is volunteerd and the definition of classroom-based estimation (CBA) is discussed to provide more details of the relationship between assessment and training in classrooms. In the educational context, the term assessment is often associated with interrogation for most of the teachers, learners and separate stakeholders. However, testing is only whizz and only(a) element of assessment and it actually encompasses a wider range of factors from tests to dynamic and collaborative activities and tasks. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the release between assessment and testing before looking at the definition of classroom-based assessment(Oksana insert page shapewhat?) .2.2.1 The distinction between assessment and testingIoannou-Georgior and Sophie (2003 4) provide a broader make upation of assessment they describe assessment as a general term which includes all methods characterd to gather information roughly childrens knowledge, ability, watching, attitudes and motivation. Assessment can be carried out through a number of instruments (for example, test, self-assessment), and can be formal or informal. This definition suggests that teachers may use some(prenominal) formal and informal methods to collect information in relation to learners performance, such(prenominal) as their ability and attitudes, as an examine of learnedness. Ioannou-Georgior and Sophie (ibid) point out that assessment refers to all kinds of methods, whether they ar formal or informal, with the aim of assemblage evidences of learners learning.(Oksana similar to preceding(prenominal), suggestion remove it)The studies of Rea-Dickins(2000), Lambert and Lines (2000) go notwithstanding to suggest that assessment is a constant ongoing summons rather than a onetime amour. Rea-Dickins (2000) illustrates assessment as the general function of monitoring of elapseing track of the learners progress. (p. 376). She highschoollights that such process is a regular method to monitor the learners performance. Lambert and Lines (2000) to a fault show the similar view of point, they define assessment as the process of gathering, interpreting, preserve and using information about pupils responses to educational tasks (p. 4) From their viewpoint, assessment is related to what teachers do during the process of teaching and learning, including gathering, diagnosing, recording and using information about pupils performance and feedback. As can be seen, assessment is a part of both teachers and learners life inside classroom and is integrated to the process of teaching and learning. It is withal used to monitor and respond to learners regular work, such as lear ning activities, tasks and tests.On the other hand, testing refers to a unconscious process that is used to measure learners ability by teachers and examiners (Rea-Dickins, 2000). According to Ioannou-Georgior and Sophie (2003), testing is a procedure with a genuine objective and is used by teachers to assess learners performance in order to understand whether the learner has achieved this objective or not. They as well as point out that testing used tasks or exercises and assigns tag or grades based on quantitative results (p. 4) This seems to suggest that testing is one of the tools that used by teachers to assess their learners ability and is a way to demonstrate what learners bring learnt. It also implies that testing is a onetime thing rather than an ongoing process. As can be seen, testing is a procedure with a certain objective and is used to collect quantitative results, in call of marks or grades. It is used to measure what the learners have learnt and to check whether they have met their goal or not meanwhile, assessment refers to all methods of collecting both quantitative and qualitative data in relation to learners performance and is a continuous process. (Oksana Yes, tho it is classroom based assessment specifically that does this..what?)In fact, through clarifying the boundaries between testing and assessment may attention us to redeem insight into the meaning and definition of classroom-based assessment.2.2.2 Definition of Classroom-Based AssessmentClassroom-based assessment is defined by Airasian as the process of collecting, synthesizing and interpreting information to aid in classroom decision making (2005, p. 2). He highlights the work that teachers require to take during the process of assessment in the classroom context, with the aim of sustenanceing teachers in decision making, such as deciding what forms of assessment atomic number 18 most separate for gaining information about learners learning and measuring achievement. In classrooms, teachers collect data in relation to learners ingests, strength, and weakness and try to interpret the information on the basis of teachers own beliefs, capacities and knowledge. They whence provide answer to learners and may be fitting to support individual learning needs. Such ongoing processes, including assigning grades, providing feedback and learning opportunities, and modifying the teaching and learning, argon aiming to renew, keep track and record learners performance in the classroom. By doing so, teachers may be able to enhance learners learning and ease them to boney the gap between their current status and their target level (Sadler 1989).Further, Mckay describes that classroom assessment or teacher assessment refers to assessment carried out by teachers in the classroom (2006, p. 140). He then notes that classroom assessment may be moldable, for instance, when the purpose is to provide feedback to help learners improve learning, or it may be summati onal, when the purpose is to record and report pupils achievement and attainment (Rea-Dickins 2000). As can be seen, the purposes for classroom assessment may lead to using assessment information fictilely or summationally by teachers. For example, they may need to use constructive assessment to identify learner needs and use summational assessment to provide learners achievement to school authorities in the end of a school year. In fact, there argon a anatomy of purposes for teachers to use classroom assessment. Rea-Dickins suggests three objectives of using classroom assessment teaching, nurturing learning, and measuring learning (2000). In other words, teachers may use classroom assessment to modify their teaching methods and substantives, provide appropriate help to learners and meet the bureaucratic demands.Classroom assessment plays a epoch-making role in collecting information about learners learning and can also be used to support teachers teaching and learning (Rea-D ickins, 2001). It is a continuous and integrated process which can be planned in advance as well as be unplanned, such as observing learners verbiage performance during the course of teaching and assessment activities. The roles of teachers may have an impact on learners learning in the classroom, whether as facilitators to develop learners diction development or as assessors to measure learners language learning, (Rea-Dickins, 2008). Teachers may use both formative and summative assessment as pedagogical tools to scaffold learners, adjust their teaching, and assign grades for learners in the classroom. It is important for teachers to develop classroom assessment skills and strategies, and bring about positive change in classrooms. The aims of adopting classroom assessment strategies are to support learners learning and teachers teaching, and to meet the ultimate achievement of the curriculum goals.Rea-Dickins (2001) provides a model of classroom assessment which illustrates teac hers roles in four stages in the classroom assessment process (see Figure 2.1). It also reveals the fact that teachers may need to play a mediating role in order to deal with various demands from improving learning and modifying teaching. For instance, in stage 1, the Planning stage, teachers may be interpreters to explain the learning goals and assessment criteria with learners and evaluators to identify learners needs and levels. They may become supporter in stage 2 in order to scaffold learners and provide feedback to them. As for stage 3, teachers may also need to be interpreters to interpret the learning evidence and improvers to refine the assessment process meanwhile, they may need to be reports to report and record the learning progress to administrative authorities. portray 1 PlanningIdentifying the purpose for the assessment?(why?)Choosing the assessment activity(how)Preparing the learners for the assessmentWho chooses/decides for each of the aboveStage 4 Recording Dissem inationRecording reporting progress toward NCFormal review for LEA or native school purposesStrategies for dissemination of formal review of learnersStage 2 ImplementationIntroducing the assessment(why, what, how)Scaffolding, during assessment activitybookman self- peer monitoringFeedback to learners(immediate)Stage 3 MonitoringRecording evidence of achievementInterpreting evidence obtained from an assessmentRevising teaching and learning plansSharing findings with other teachersFeedback to learners (delayed)Figure 2.1 Process and strategies in classroom assessment1However, teachers may not be able to predict the complex interaction between these cardinal assessment purposes before actually implementing the assessment active. For instance, teacher-planned summative assessment may also provide formative assessment opportunities for students during the teaching process. Rea-Dickins (2006) points out that the boundary and interaction between formative and summative purposes of asses sment cannot be identified in any watertight way in advance, as they will unfold and be enacted through the classroom discourse (p. 183). As can be seen, teachers need to be flexible with their classroom assessment practices and be able to use both formative and summative assessment as pedagogic tools to scaffold learners, adjust their teaching, and assign grades for learners in the classroom. Thus, it is important for teachers to understand the functions of both formative and summative assessments and how to use them to modify their teaching, enhance pupil achievement, and report to school authorities, parents and other stakeholders.2.3 The Functions of Classroom Assessment Formative and summative AssessmentOn the basis of the definition of classroom assessment (2.2), classroom assessment may be used as a variety of instruments by teachers to collect data in relation to learners needs, ability, knowledge, apprehensiveness and performance in the classroom. This seems to imply the p rimary role teachers play in classroom assessment process and the importance of linking formative and summative assessment to effectively enhance learners learning and report it to other stakeholders, including parents, other teachers, learners themselves, and school authorities. In this section, the functions of classroom assessment, in terms of formative and summative assessment, will be discussed, finickyly with assessment for learning, through a review of the literature in relation to the role of both formative and summative assessment in classrooms.2.3.1 The Role of Formative and Summative AssessmentClassroom teachers are in the front line of assisting learners to develop their ability and enhance their learning, thus, it is crucial for teachers to recognize the several(predicate) functions and characteristics between formative and summative assessments and to integrate them into everyday teaching and learning. Harlen and James (1997) share the different roles of formative and summative assessment in classroom assessment. They urge the need to distinguish the differences between formative and summative assessment, in terms of the functions and characteristics, and then connect and wave them together. To reveal the complexities of the differences between formative and summative, some research reports have provided a variety of interpretations to help teachers to clarify the concept of formative and summative assessment.According to the report of Task convention on Assessment and Testing, known as TGAT, it defines formative and summative assessment through clarifying the different purposes and timing between them. For formative assessment, teachers may use it to understand the the positive achievements of a pupil (DES/WO, 1988, para. 23) (Oksana This is preferably an old reference, is there anything newer/more recent on this point?)and then plan their teaching in order to help the pupil to reach to the next step. It highlights the dynamic process of t eaching and learning in the classroom and more importantly, it points out the future direction through using the results of assessment. Formative assessment is a continuous process of adjusting teachers teaching and learners learning meanwhile, summative assessment is used for systematic recording of learners boilers suit achievement. In other words, teachers may use summative assessment to note learners performance, such as recording the grade or scores of teacher made and standardized tests, after a certain terminus of time.In 2001, Clarke expressed similar views in providing a clear illustration for formative and summative assessmentIf we think of our children as plantssummative assessment of the plants is the process of simply measuring them. The measurements might be kindle to compare and analyse, but, in themselves, they do not affect the growth of the plants. Formative assessment, on the other hand, is the garden equivalent of feeding and watering the plants directly affe cting their growth (p2).As can be seen, the main function of formative assessment is to nurture pupils and improve learning, which is a continuous process of interaction between teachers and learners. For instance, in classrooms, teachers provide guidance for learners toward improvement through formative assessment feedback during the processes of teaching and learning. As for summative assessment, it takes place after the teaching and learning. Teachers may grade or make judgments in relation to learners learning in order to inform and report to other stakeholders. In the classroom, teachers use formative assessment to help learners learning as well as modify their own teaching methods and materials. They also use summative assessment to assign grades and report attainment at the end of a school year for administrative purposes (Bachman Palmer 1996). As such, formative assessment requires the ability of the teacher to diagnose learners performance, in terms of what causes him or h er to get struck, and to help learner to understand what to learn, how they learn, and how well they have learned.2.3.2 Formative Classroom Assessment assessment for learningMore recently, the focus of the classroom assessment studies has shifted from forms of test to the interactions between assessment and classroom learning. This shift also highlights the importance of the improvement of learning through formative teacher assessment. Black and Wiliam (1998) review a variety of past research studies in relation to classroom formative assessment. They point out that several empirical studies show evidence to support the claim that improving formative assessment do raise standards and help pupils learning, particularly with low ability pupils. They also present evidence in relation to how teachers use formative assessment practices and strategies to enhance pupils learning in the field of general education.A broader explanation of formative assessment is provided by Black and Wiliam, they illustrate that all those activities undertaken by teachers, and/or by their students, which provide information to be used as feedback to modify the teaching and learning activities in which they are engaged (1998, p.7). Their interpretation not only points out that formative assessment activities can be used by both teachers and learners but also indicates how teachers and students use feedback to adjust the teaching and learning. From this perspective, formative assessment is embedded in teaching and learning and can be used to prompt learner learning. Key formative assessment strategies, such as effective teacher feedback, teacher scaffolding, self- and peer- assessment, and raising learners self-esteem and motivation, may be integrated and embedded within teacher-learner(s) interactions(Rea-Dickins 2006).As can be seen, the activities that conduct by teachers, such as observation, teacher made tests, make tasks, and learners, including self- and peer- assessment, would p rovide information to help both teachers and learners improve themselves. Further, Brindley (2001) points out formative assessment should undertake by teachers during the learning process, by doing so, teachers can use the results to improve instruction (p. 137).In addition, Sadler (1989) connects formative assessment with feedback and believes that feedback to teachers and to learners are separate. He suggests that the aim of using feedback for teachers is to diagnose learners performance and modify their teaching in order to help learners to enhance their abilities meanwhile, for learners, the purpose of using feedback is to monitor their performance and understand their own learning weaknesses and strengths.Further, Tunstall and Gipps (1996, p.393) identify twain types of feedback used by teachers in classrooms evaluative and descriptive feedback respectively. They suggest that the former seems to be more close to affective and conative (effort-based) aspects of learning with a performance goal, whereas the latter places the emphasis on the cognitive development with a mastery goal. Teachers act as facilitators in providing descriptive types of feedback, such as making suggestions and questioning as part of discussion, rather than directing (p. 401). As can be seen, there is a greater colligate between descriptive feedback and formative assessment.However, Torrance and Pryor (1998) point out that teacher feedback may have a contradict operate on learners, for instance, when the teacher tries to correct learners mistakes which may lead to the impression of learners producing wrong answers. It may horizontal be seen as criticism by the pupils and discourage learners self-esteem. Further, teacher feedback with praise may result in encouraging competition among learners instead of increasing learners motivation. Thus, it is important for teachers to recognize the influences and impact of formative assessment feedback on learner motivation and self-esteem.T o sum up, classroom assessment is used by teachers to collect data in relation to the process and attainment of learners with aim of responding to individual needs and curricular demands. Formative assessment is crucial in enhancing learner learning and closing the gap between learners actual level and potential level. The following section explored assessment of young language learners in a foreign classroom context through review of past research studies in relation to classroom assessment in practice.2.4Research on Assessment of Young Learners in the EFL ClassroomsIn this section, the relevant research studies of classroom assessment of young language learners are explored, followed by introducing a unique Taiwanese educational context, in terms of learning side of meat in mysterious ESL schools, as the classroom assessment context in this research.2.4.1 Classroom Assessment of Young Language LearnersRea-Dickins (2000) points out that since the 1990s research studies in relati on to assessment for foreign language learners has been more in evidence (e.g., Low et al., 1993 McKay et al., 1994 Edelenbos and Johnstone,1996 Breen et al., 1997 Leung and Teasdale, 1997). Language Testing proposes a special trim that is focusing on assessment for young language learners, who ages 5 to about 12, in the school system. The key idea of these reports in this loss is related to a variety of purposes for assessment for young language learners within an early years language learning curriculum which results in raising the awareness of wider issues in relation to assessment of young language learners, such as how the validity of classroom-based assessment is achieved.Teadeale and Leung (2000) draw the attention to the validity of implement alternative assessment and monitoring learners learning performance through teacher assessment. Rea-Dickins and Gardner (2000) also look at the same issue in relation to the implementation of formative classroom assessment, in terms o f keeping track of learners language development, in the side as a hour Language (ESL) context. Their findings suggest the potential variables which may influence the validity of teacher assessment during the assessment procedure. This is followed by Gattullo who explores the way to implement formative assessment in the Italian primary foreign language classroom, where English is taught since grade 3 (age 8). She investigates different formative assessment processes through analyzing classroom assessment discourses and she also observes the everyday interactions between teachers and learners. The results suggest that instead of using formative assessment actions which may be more beneficial for learning, including observing process, examining product and metacognitive questioning teachers use more common actions, such as questioning, correcting and judging.Continuing the theme of formative assessment of primary learners in the EFL context, Zangl (2000) provides the methods of asses sment to gain information in relation to primary-age learners language skills. She argues that teachers may be able to draw a developmental picture for individual learners, including their general interactional skills and specific language skills, through ongoing assessment throughout primary school. Hasselgren (2000) looks at the innovative ways to develop materials, such as tests, teacher assessment, and learners self-assessment, which can improve both teachers and learners assessment skills in Norwegian primary schools. In the context of Norway, one significant difference is that there is no tradition of testing for young language learners due to local policy. This contributes to high-demand assessment methods, particularly in materials development and task design, and to the implementation of formative assessment, in terms of assessment for learning. two teachers and learners are encouraged to develop their ability to assess. As can be seen, the national policy is one of import ant variables that influences teachers attitude towards integrating classroom-based assessment into their everyday language teaching.It is also crucial to take variables, such as learners prior cultural knowledge, teachers knowledge and ability in assessment, and the English curriculum, into account when assessing primary-age learners of English as a foreign language. Teachers should choose and design the appropriate assessment material for Young language learners. The material should be well adapted to learners cognitive and linguistic skills and to their interests.The work of Hasselgren suggests that classroom assessment may be influenced by a variety of factors, particularly by the national policy. These external elements, such as the authorities policy and English curriculum, may have direct impact on the implementation of assessment, teachers attitude towards classroom assessment and their classroom assessment practices in the EFL context. A brief history of primary school Eng lish education in Taiwan is explored in the next section to gain insight into a special English classroom in Taiwan.2.4.2 ESL Program in TaiwanEnglish teaching and learning for young learners has become increasingly important in Asian countries, such as Taiwan, China, Japan and Korea, where learners study English as a unknown Language (EFL) over the past few decades. At this point it is utilizable to clarify some terminology before introducing the English educational context in Taiwan. The term English as a Second Language (ESL) used in countries, , such as Canada, North the States and Australia, which refers to learners who are using English as the medium of instruction in school contexts but who are not English first language (L1) speakers (Rea-Dickins, 2000, p. 115). On the other hand, the term English as Foreign Language (EFL) refers to when English is taught to non-native English speakers in non- English speaking areas, such as Europe, Asia, and Africa.In 1997, the Ministry o f training (MOE) in Taiwan decided to implement curricular and instructional reforms in elementary and junior high school education. One of the most significant changes is that English courses are officially introduced in grade 3 (age 9) with two 40-minute lessons per week (Ministry of Education, Republic of China, 2010). Since then, learning English has become a popular movement for young learners from the ages of 5 to 12 across the expanse. Butler (2004) points out that some Asian countries, such as Korea, Taiwan, and Japan, have introduced English language instruction at the elementary school level, with special focus on oral communication skills. Although the officially suggested starting age is 9, most parents want their children to learn English as in short as possible. The assumption of the younger the better in foreign language acquisition is supported by many Taiwanese parents, who believe an early start will help their children to achieve greater proficiency. These facto rs above contribute to the significant growth in the number of cram schools and private language schools across the country over the last decade.Cram school also known as abuxiban in Taiwan are very common and popular in competitive Asian countries, particularly in Taiwan and Japan. The aim of these schools is to help pupils to enhance their achievement scores (Harnisch, 1994 Oneil Fukumura, 1992 Stevenson Stigler, 1992). In 1999, a report from China Central News, on 6 April 1999, stated that at least more than one quarter of elementary pupils attend private language institutions after school to learn English. Tsai and Kuo (2008) report that there are more than 5,000 cram schools in Taiwan. Most English cram schools offer additional after-school teaching to enhance pupils English ability. In particular, numerous so-called ESL schools aim to help Taiwanese learners to learn English as a Second Language (ESL) through using American elementary textbooks and teaching all subjects, inc luding handwriting, computer, music, social science, reading, math, science, grammar, phonics and writing, in English. They also offer an ESL program to kindergarten children of 3 years old up to students in grade 6 (age 12). In general, kindergarten pupils and grade 1 to 2 learners receive an average of 4 to 5 lessons a day, each 30 minutes long. As for grade 3 to 6 learners, they receive approximately 2 to 3 lessons a day due to their longer elementary school hours. Such ESL schools provide a unique educational context to investigate these ESL English teachers perceptions of classroom assessment and their own classroom assessment practices.