Embryonic Stem Cell Research is Morally and Medically Ethical Essay

Introduction Issue ( Background)Science and technology redeem opened umteen doors of progress in all atomic number 18as of business. On such(prenominal) atomic number 18a far exceeds mere business and industry and touches upon gracious invigoration itself. The aesculapian community has reached a point where it can quite by chance create new and healthy cellular telephonephones and electric organs to replace those that are damaged. This sue is made possible through embryotic infrastructure cell search (ESCR).Embryonic floor cells, as suggested by the name are particular(a)cted from embryos that reserve been fertilized in a laboratory setting for make use of by stereotypic couples and then, for what constantly discernment, are donated for research. These cells are about five days old ( arrest Cell Basics). The cells are then developed and grown in a purification medium and shipped to different laboratories for further research. These stem cells are finicky be cause they can be converted through genetic manipulation to be any type of cell desired.To generate cultures of particular(prenominal) types of incompatibleiated cells boldness muscle cells, blood cells, or nerve cells, for examplescientists try to avow the differentiation of embryonic stem cells. They change the chemical composition of the culture medium, alter the surface of the culture dish, or modify the cells by inserting specific genes (Stem Cell Basics). The benefit of this exploit is that these new healthy cells can be use to replace defective or diseased cells in individuals, in effect curing them of received ailments. Conflict, c. Stance and d. EnthymemeThe controversy with this particular social function stems from the fact that extracting these cells effectively kills the developing embryo, called at this stage a zygote. Those who deal that these cells constitute a world being, liken the process of extracting stem cells to stillbirth and murder (Robinson). Those that do non believe this way see the major aesculapian benefits as outweighing the death of an unwanted and unused zygote. Most of the arguments against ESCR are phantasmal in nature plot of land those that favor it are avocation pragmatic and realistic processes. In light of the medically in priceless nurture and hope it provides, embryonic stem cell research should legally anticipate with full funding from the federal administration. II. Grounds Even as stress has turned toward bragging(a) stem cell research, ESCR remains the most valuable and efficient way of utilizing stem cells for medical purposes. In 2005, the United earth announced that it was considering opening a stem cell bank development embryonic stem cells. Its research team at the University of Cambridge found that moreover 150 human embryos would be needed to created genetic material for well-nigh two-thirds of the population. The bank hopes to use these cells to replace diseased or damaged create fro m raw stuff in conditions such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders (Lita).Embryonic stem cells can function wield neurological disorders such as Parkinsons and endocrinal disorders such as diabetes. Embryonic stem cells can be trans traffic patterned into dopamine-producing neurons because these stem cells can be transformed into virtually any body cell including nerve cells and pancreatic cells. These cells can then begin producing dopamine or insulin as the case may be. (Kennell).Victims of spinal cord injuries may short be able to regain labor control as the dissolving agent of ESCR. Preliminary research shows that it is possible to train embryonic stem cells to fabricate neuro-motor pathways. Douglas Kerr, M.D., Ph.D. of Johns Hopkins University nones that This is proof of the principle that we can recapture what happens in early stages of motor neuron development and use that to repair damaged nervous systems (Embryonic Stem Cells remedy Latent Motor Nerve).III. WarrantDespite its proven medical capabilities and hope for more opposite medical uses, ESCR has found virulent resistivity from conservatives and the religious community. Their arguments hinge on the use of a living human being as fodder for medical experimentation. These arguments are suspect, redden flawed, for few(prenominal) reasons, both philosophical and biological. Generally speaking, the more practical and pragmatic medical argument must be valued over the religious beliefs of some.First, many will argue for the analogy between ESCR and murder. Many differences exist. As verbalize earlier, the zygote in question is yet five days old. In no way could this particular cluster of cells give life-time at this point only the authorization for life, which is basically the case whenever a charr and a man have intercourse. Lawyers from the National Institute of Health harmonize, noting that stem cells are incapable of growing into a complete person. They may be coaxed to develop into nerve cells or heart cells. But, at most, they can cash in ones chips an organ, not a complete living person.They cannot be considered a form of human life, even within the definition of pro-life supporters (Robinson). Doctors even carry biological explanations for this conclusion Human embryos are defined as human organisms derived by impregnation from one or more gametes or diploid cells. Pluripotent stem cells are specialized subpopulation of cells capable of developing into most (ectoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm), besides not all, human tissue and may be derived from human embryos (Chesney). Medically, even the cells are not the same.However, the zygotes are being stored indefinitely at in-vitro grooming clinics. For example, in the United States are over 350 natality clinics that offer the in-vitro fertilization process. When a women submits herself to the procedure, about 25 ova are removed from her body and fertilized with her conserves (or other donors ) sperm. Only 2-4 of the embryos are used in the fertilization procedure and the rest are frozen in liquifiable nitrogen to save for later use. Generally, these remaining 20 or so embryos stay in the clinic indefinitely. Few couples use them all, and even fewer agree to donate them to other infertile couples.Many embryos die due to changes in temperature or movement, and some clinics even throw the excess embryos away or use them in training staff (Robinson). The birth control anovulatory drug blocks a fertilized ovum from implanting as does an intrauterine device (IUD). These two devices, on with discarding the embryos or using them for training, also affect the potential for life exclusively are not so reviled. Moreover, the embryos owners must always give have to use these embryos for research nobody is tricked during this process (Robinson). Basically, if these cells are not used for ESCR, they will ultimately be used for nothing.Second, many opponents argue that liberal s tem cell research (ASCR) could replace ESCR and save the embryos. This is not nevertheless the case, if it ever will be. First of all, the nature of the stem cells are different in adults and in embryos. Embryonic stem cells are more elastic and can become virtually any cell of any organ or tissue in the body. Adult stem cells are very much more limited and cannot even be found in many organs or tissues in the body.Moreover, adult stems cells are limited in number, even considered minute in quantity and are very operose to identify. Embryonic stem cells are easy to identify and exist in large, usable numbers. Most importantly, embryonic stem cells are virtually blank, make them easy to manipulate into other tissues. Adult stem cells can contain genetic defects or DNA errors caused by replication or scene to toxins (Cohen).ESCR has been the focus of scientist for nearly two decades while ASCR has just begun to get some notice. Because of the emergence of ASCR, the opponents wan t to completely ban ESCR, not infrastanding that it is the reason that ASCR is even possible. However, because of the religious issues, ASCR is being forced into the limelight while ESCR has wooly-minded funding.As a result, Dr. Helen Blau, ironically an adult stem cell researcher at the Stanford University, argues that she feels strongly we need embryonic stem cells. The answers are not just going to come from the adult stem cells and it would be passing short-sighted to shift completely to just adult stem cells (Cohen). While adult stem cells may provide promise in the future, their use in the present is simply not as lucrative or bright as those of embryonic stem cells at this point in time. financing and V. Conditions of rebuttalMost arguments in opposition to ESCR originate in the religious realm. Dr. Dr. David Prentice, professor of life selective informationrmations at Indiana State University and founder of Do No Harm, The Coalition of Americans for Research Ethics n otes precisely this when he asserts, The subject of the debate really comes mow to the ethical question of whats the object lesson status of a human embryo. Is it a person or is it a piece of property? And obviously we have no consensus on that in this country and I think that means we should not use taxpayer cash in hand to fund this type of research (Cohen).Yet, historically, this religious realm, when mixed with federal forces, has been squelch in other instances. For example, removing the ten commandments from federal buildings, denying prayer in school, and overtake swearing under God to affirming under oath in courtyard proceedings are just a few of the ways that the government has attempted to separate the church and the state. Why is the religious conservative hitch allowed to proliferate here when it is not allowed to do so in other instances?Similarly, the force of this religious surge against ESCR is the loss of life. While the beginning bite of human life is hug ely debatable, does ESCR not also promote life? Lawyers and medical ethicists in favor of ESCR note that Stem cells have an large promise to benefit mankind to save lives and cure or treat diseases. This generates a very strong deterrent example imperative to explore their potential (Robinson).Similarly, the conservative and religious opposition seems to even contradict their own flavour by not voicing concern about in-vitro fertilization clinics in general. As noted above, clinics routinely destroy abandoned embryos by flushing them down drains, incinerating them, or exposing them to room temperature (Hall). Basically, unused, destroyed embryos number in the hundreds of thousands in fertility clinics across the country, but these clinics are not subjected to the political manipulation that ESCR is, which only uses a dozen or two embryos in the clinical setting.Furthermore, the parents of these embryos are never challenged. The donors get to decide the fate of their unused embry os. The choices are to leave behind them to the use of the clinic, to donate them or to destroy them. Dr. Carl Herbert, president of the San Francisco Fertility Centers, notes that while this loss may seem harsh, it simply mimics the natural reproductive cycle.He points out that Out of all the embryos created by sexual intercourse, roughly 3 out of 4 do not last long plenty to produce a baby. About half of the fertilized eggs are disjointed even before the woman misses her first period following whim (Hall). Dr. Marcelle Cedars, a fertility specialist at the University of California at San Franciscos IVF clinic agrees. He argues that it is unrealistic to expect technology to do much meliorate at preserving the lives of early-stage embryos. Human reproduction is a very inefficient process and it is difficult to afford a higher status to embryos than nature does (Hall). qualifierOf course nobody wants to believe that a promising medical science field could be corrupt or greedy. Even ESCR should operate under certain moral guidelines. In no way should an embryo ever be used in any way except by that to which its donor consents. In addition, donors should not create embryos for the sheer purpose to transmit them to clinics, as the process should result as a by-product of extra embryos create for potential implantation and not create any extra embryos not for that purpose. Finally, tricking or deceiving individuals into donating embryos or withholding information about their use would also be morally wrong.VII. ConclusionESCR is not the enemy of the moral fiber of the United States. It is a medically promising procedure that does not violate any right to life laws. Religious opposition to certain issues will always exist, but in recent history, it has not been allowed in interfere with federal political, social or educational decision-making. Clearly other possibilities and alternatives to ESCR may arise, but until these options are as viable as ESCR, they should not be allowed to interfere with the medical promise of this type of research.Works CitedChesney, Russell et al. American Academy of pediatrics, Human Embryo Research Committee on Pediatric Research and Committee on Bioethics. Pediatrics 108 (3), 3 Sept. 2001 813-816. Retrieved 1 April 2008 from http//aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/ mental object/full/pediatrics108/3/813Cohen, Elizabeth. Adult stem cells or embryonic? Scientists differ. CNN.com/Health. 10 August 2001. Retrieved 1 April 2008 from http//archives.cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/08/09/stem.cell.alternative/Embryonic Stem Cells Repair Latent Motor Nerve. Science Daily. 28 June 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2008 from http//stemcell.taragana.net/archive/embryonic-stem-cells-repair-latent- motor-nerve/Hall, Carl T. The bury embryo Fertility clinics must store or destroy the supernumerary that is part of the process. SF Gate News. 20 Aug. 2001. at http//www.sfgate.com/Kennell, David. The promise of stem cell research. Peopl es Weekly World Newspapers. 29 July 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2006 from http//www.pww.org/ hold/articleview/9582/1/332Lita, Ana. Embryonic Stem Cell Research New Developments and Controversies. MedBioWorld. 10 October 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2008 from http//www.medbioworld.com/postgenomics_blog/?p=138Robinson, B.A. Human Stem Cells Ethical Concerns. Religious Tolerance. 17 Oct. 2002. Retrieved 1 April 2008 from http//www.religioustolerance.org/res_stem2.htmStem Cell Basics. The National Institutes of Health. 20 Feb. 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2008 from http//stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics3.asp

Understand Your Role

It makes nonsense to admit errors as it prevents harm to others by 3/5 early and immediate actions errors as it prevents harm to others by nearly immediate actions Question 9 Understand working human relationships in health and social c atomic number 18 Describe your responsibilities to the individuals you support Assist quite a little with self-medication and implement care plans as prescribed, and to ensure those with a requirement are washed, dressed, fed and ready for perfunctory activities. Provide in-home support with health issues and daily living tasks such(prenominal) as washing dressing, eating, transport and budgeting. Assist with the actors line of activities to enhance the physical, social, emotional and intellectual development of those in your care. Provide bon ton and support during daily activities for those who are sick or aged. Work with a team of health professionals, family, friends and careers to implement a programmer of support.Assist those needing s upport with domestic activities such as eating meals and showering Question 10 Explain how a working relationship is different from a personal relationship A working relationship depends on many factors, including unprofessional- ism, skills and companionship and a pecking order of individuals, some with medical specialist skills needed for specialized functions. A personal relationship may capture a skilled arson, such as a consultant, being captained by a bricklayer in cricket, where a different stria of loyalties exist A working relationship depends on many factors, including professionalism, need of skills and knowledge and a hierarchy of individuals, some with specialist skills needed for specific functions.A personal relationship may find a skilled person, such as a consultant, being captained by a bricklayer in cricket, where a different set of loyalties exist A working relationship depends on many factors, including professionalism, skills and knowledge and a h ierarchy of individuals, some tit specialist skills needed for specific functions. A personal relationship may find a skilled person, such as a consultant, being captained by a bricklayer in cricket, where a different set of loyalties exist A working relationship does not depend on many factors, including professionalism, skills and knowledge and a hierarchy of individuals, some with specialist skills needed for specific functions.

Critique of the Ethical Issue Essay

Every handicraft is subject to several(predicate) respectable considerations. In response, professions present code of stock up on to their employees to guide their behavior in the organization. Formal ethical education is as well as held to engage the employees aw be of different ethical beds. Ethical decision qualification process enable the workforce to handle every ethical upshot and prevents them from making both ethical lapses whatsoever. US health c atomic number 18 system comprises legion(predicate) branches that offer unique health related go to clients. Furthermore the healthc are is split into a hierarchical setup which starts from nursing to the top checkup students. distributively individual related to the US health attending has to undergo a lot of training and education before he/she is authorized to beat all duty. A fundamental part of this coaching involves ethical training which guides the employees panaches and means of dealing with different et hical problems. Conflicts faced by the healthcare are of many types. To start with, physicians fail to work as a team with nurses. Some ages nurses do non understand their roles and issue their duties improperly. Other kinds of conflicts involve patients. These conflicts can usu all toldy become very upright and can even become unlawful in nature. Articulating the ProblemThe ethical conflict that arose in my studies involved a doctor and his patient. open suffered from higher(prenominal) fever and he decided to go to a new doctor, Dr. Bill, as his general physician was out of town on vacation. horn in calculate all his conditions to Dr. Bill. Dr. Bill made some nones and then warned him that he susceptibility be in fear of suffering from typhoid (a severe reverberate of fever). Jimmy was very shocked to hear this. The doctor further added that it would be better for Jimmy to remain in hospital care for at least two days before his condition improved. He also asked him to run some tests which would be needed to clearly diagnose his sickness.When Jimmy heard of the high amount they were charging him, he was highly shocked and remaining the clinic. Jimmy called his physician up and informed him of the entire issue. Dr. Andrew told him to set out a mark off-up from other doctor who was his friend. Jimmy went there and after the checkup, he authoritative another surprise upon hearing that the fever was not serious and hed be perfect in two days. He was given(p) some prescription which he was to take. In two days time, Jimmy perfectly recovered from his fever and, by then, realized how Dr. Bill had act to deceive him into getting the tests and hospital care in arrange to garner more money.The event is, by all means, shocking and unethical. Dr. Bill and those of his the likes of are ruining the sanctity of the medical profession by converting it into any other business profession. It is certainly not unethical to offer your services and expertise to others in return for money. However, intimidating patients by telling them of symptoms which, in fact, they do not possess is certainly very unethical. This trend is right away spreading everywhere, especially online. afterwards doing some research, the author found that there are many health care services which are without delay being offered online.Though some of these setups are highly professional in nature and offer very effective services online, the rest are merely scammers. Whats more problematic is that individuals do not bop how expert the physician is in his/her respective field. Looked at it this way, were all in a big risk whenever we decide to get ourselves canvas up from a new doctor. As far as the scammers are concerned, their deceptive marketing campaigns allure the sick and the injured into asking for help. They make false claims that their products will change their lives or make them better.By the time the poor people find out that theyve been deceived, it is too late to do anything because such institutions and individuals protect themselves through different legislations of the law. Gathering Data After thorough research and data collection, the author has come up with quest important ways of checking the credentials as well as ratings of a physician along with ways of preventing health care frauds. 1. Information rough doctors experience and training is obtained from his office or topical anesthetic medical society in which the doctor is a member. 2.There are some state licensing boards that also issue education about disciplinal actions taken against a particular physician. However, it is not very easy to get information from there. 3. American Medical Associations AMA Physicians Select offers information on training and certification of all the medical and osteopathic physicians who are shortly holding a license in the US. However, disciplinary actions are not included with them. 4. American Board of Medical Specialties ( ABMS) Certified Doctor verification Service can also be utilized to check whether the physician is certified by one or the 24 recognized lastingness boards.The service is free of charge. 5. Googling out for more info is also not a bad idea. You will find several options wherein to check the report/credibility of a physician. 6. There are several government sources which whitethorn be used to obtain information relating to disciplinary action. Of these, the two more or less important sources are the National Practitioner Data Bank and the health care Integrity and Protection Data Bank. 7. Many clinics and hospitals also offer options to check their doctors credentials. However, this is not a good idea because hospitals would never reveal that any one of their doctors is of low quality.Exploring Strategies It is, and so, very fractious to carve a dodge that would clearly identify and tackle the above situation. Practical issues of these kinds are indeed very different from theor etical knowledge that is offered in books. However, following procedures may help prevent such situations in future. From Professions side 1. Establishing a federal committee on healthcare fraud prevention, and having it carry out a detailed wipe-out of all such fraudulent institutions and individuals 2. puzzle out rigorous ethical training program, stressing the consequences of deceiving and holding the truth in the medical profession3. Conducting regular external audits on different health care facilities, with an aim to identify the scammers 4. Publicizing and penalizing doctors who conduct such activities From Patients Perspective 1. Organizing a wide marketing campaign instructing the individuals to be on the alert of such scammers 2. Avoiding new doctors 3. Fixing the medical charges offered at various institutions, so the competition is not price-based but quality based. 4. Having another review with another physician if instructed to undergo very expensive treatment. Impl ementing the StrategyIn order to implement the above discussed strategy, the following needs to be done 1. tump over the event a wide coverage on popular media 2. arrive at mass-awareness through the media 3. Instruct masses to avoid online health care facilities as much as possible unless they know the physician personally. 4. Write to the American Medical Association and other medical authorities, asking them to address the issue on federal level. 5. Increasing word-of-mouth, and making all such frauds humans 6. Conducting nation-wide survey of physicians credentials Evaluating the Outcomes Implementing the above strategy would have the following pros and consPros 1. efficient and appropriate health care only by physicians who have ponderous credentials and ratings 2. Lesser frauds and scams in the health care 3. Better opportunities for physicians whove worked their way up 4. An overall better impact on the health of US nationals 5. Better medical infrastructure Cons 1. High investment is required to manufacture the mass-awareness 2. It is not possible to identify every physician who is conducting fraud 3. It is difficult to decide whether a physician is diagnosing a patient really or not as different physicians come up with different diagnosis measuresREFERENCES Percival, Thomas. Medical ethics. (pp. 4957) from http//books. google. com/books? id=yVUEAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=medical+ethics&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1PPA52,M1. Walter, Klein (ed). The Story of Bioethics From seminal works to contemporary explorations Jordan, M. C. (1998). Ethics manual. Fourth edition. American College of Physicians (pp. 23-30) Beauchamp, Tom L. , Childress, James F. (2001). Principles of Biomedical Ethics. New York Oxford University Press. Margaret A. Burkhardt, Alvita Nathaniel (2007) Ethics and Issues in modern Nursing

Characteristic of Good Co-Worker Essay

When you work at a company, your colleagues obviously constitute an classic factor that conduce to an stakesing or horrible job. As off the beaten track(predicate) as Im concerned, a great colleague is an enthusiastic, obligated, and companionable person.To begin with, I believe that an enthusiastic worker will not only accomplish his or her tasks quickly but also be able to foster opposite people who collaborate with him or her . This is because when I was previously working in a softwargon development group, cardinal of my teammates always showed zeal for our visualizes. He agreed to do every tasks that team leader gave to. In addition, he normally finished the tasks earlier than other co-workers. This resulted in that other people in the team including me were encouraged by his great enthusiasm. We tried our best to work and complete our tasks as in short as possible. Our projects, therefore, were usually accomplished before deadline.Secondly, how do you work with harum- scarum co-workers? My brother, who work in a bank, usually complains about his colleagues. Since they usually get off their position during working hours for personal activities, they dont fulfill their tasks, thusly my brother have to help them to carry out their ones. Consequently, for me, being responsible is always considered to be a vital trait that every co-workers demand to possess.Last but not least, friendly co-workers will create a friendly and comfortable working atmosphere that can increase the interest of employees in their job. For example, I was pressurized greatly into doing my projects one year ago. However, by communicating with friendly colleagues, I felt to a greater extent relaxed and was able to perform the project completely. Furthermore, since we are friendly people, our team are capable of collaborating more efficiently. Thus, our projects are usually finished quickly.In conclusion, although I have not had many another(prenominal) chances to work with var ious people yet, there may be more other characteristics to define a great colleague. However, I believe that a person who possesses enthusiastic, responsible and friendly qualities is definitely a great colleague.

Poverty in Liberia

What is poverty? To be little is to be underprivileged, to live a lifestyle non deemed a proper and healthy one to to the highest degree, and, as is the main connotation, to have an insufficient amount of money. Fourteen grades of civilian war has left the infrastructure of Liberia in ruin, affecting body of water supply, sanitation, food bail and livelihood in general. This has left Liberia the third poorest country in the world, in terms of GDP per capita. In actuality, there argon only dickens classes in Liberia the very rich and the very poor, with the majority classified as the latter.A reporter from the African Development Bank Group estimated that only 4. 8% of Liberias population could be considered middle class (the lowest part on the continent). There is no middle class, but rather, a excogitateing poor. Infrastructure The civil war decimated the infrastructure of Liberia, go away nigh Liberians nihility of safe drinking water, access to proper sanitation facilities, electricity, and roads. More than half of all Liberians are without access to clean water and functioning sanitation facilities. 8% of all deaths in Liberia are caused by deficiencies in water and sanitation. Hepatitis A, typhoid fever, and bacterial and protozoic diarrhea are very pathogenic diseases that are found in Liberias unsanitary water. As for electricity, most of Liberians live in the dark, with a choice few relying on aloud and unreliable diesel generators. Paved roads are scarce as well, stunting transportation and, in turn, affecting the economy in Liberia. not Enough Money 76% of Liberians are now living beneath the poverty line ($1/day) and 52% live in uttermost(a) poverty ($0. 50/day).Most workers in the middle class, or the working poor in other words, of Liberia earn $100 a month sum total $30 of transportation stipend and a bag of rice. $300 a month is an upper-middle salary, about four generation more than what policemen earns, and 10 times mor e than what half of all Liberians live on. These half of the Liberians live on the dollar-a-day policy. The GDP per capita in Liberia is $392, which is lower than all great deals in the world buy food for Zimbabwe and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This means that the average person in Liberia only makes around $400 dollars a year.Not Enough Food Not bountiful money means not enough food, especially since the previous civil war destroyed the agricultural sector of Liberia. Before the civil war, most Liberians lived off the land, making a living off of agriculture. Since the war attack took up so much of the time and hard work of Liberians, this changed, leaving them reliant upon expensive exported goods. Over 60% of households currently report not being able to afford three meals a day, and 40% of Liberian children experience stunted growth. 20% percent of them are underweight. 35%of Liberians are malnourished.Human Rights In Liberia most poor children work for family bu sinesses. The families sometimes have no money to hire employees and so they use their own family members instead. They may work in farms, or take part in street trading, or domestic work. Some are even trafficked out of the country from awkward areas to urban areas or to diamond mining areas for purposes of sexual exploitation or forced labor. These acts are with the sole purpose of making money. Liberia is the oldest free nation in Africa, is rich in resources, and was a refuge for African American slaves in the 1800s.Friction between the newcomers and natives led to turmoil, eventually landing Liberia in the roll as one of the poorest counties in the world. Poverty paints all aspects of Liberian life, from water and food to human dignity. Is there a brighter future for Liberia? Im sure by the time this man gets your age, he will live a go life than what I have lived said a 55 year old man living int West Point, the poorest slum in Monrovia, to a reporter, as he hugged his gran dson. As long as the Liberian people have hope, there is hope for Liberia.

Nintendo Strategy

Simplifying the design and use of the WI system wholeowed the developers to produce the gross(a) entry strategy for their brand-new target merchandise with great achievement. In the start-off half of 2007, the Nintendo WI sell more units in the united States than the Oxbow 360 and woodlet 3 (ASS). In the first ass of 2008, Nineteens net sales were up over 20% from the same quarter the previous year and WI was let onselling Its ordinal multiplication home system enemys the Sony orchard 3 and the Oxbow 360.Nineteens net income in the same quarter was up over 30% from the same quarter the previous year due to the intended strength of WI and Nintendo ADS hardw ar and softw atomic number 18 system sales. Finally, most believe that twain Sony and Microsoft had been traditionally operating at a bolshie with anticipated gains In softwargon and plunk for sales piece of music Nintendo enjoyed operating profits. Although initially surprised by Wigs resounding vast apostroph ize, Sony and Oxbow were watchful for a series of agonistic counter moves designed to attack Wigs popularity red into the 2008 holiday season.Some of your students may excite received early versions of hazard encourages such(prenominal) as Nintendo 64, Saga Genesis, or grove or hand-held granulars such as Nintendo Gamey as gifts when they were children. Given he increasing popularity, sophistication and complexness of cabinets, its also likely Tanat a majority AT your students currently bear one AT ten inhumane crippled or encourages mentioned in the case.The case will allow you to illustrate concepts from Chapters 3 6 if utilise as a stand alone case or wad be paired with Case 11 controversy in the moving-picture show Game Console assiduity if you prefer to use the case to focalization on the strategy options ease uped in Chapters 5 and 6. The case provides adapted instruction to allow students to gear up a review of the attention overriding frugal charact eristics, Lully examine the warlike forces at play in the movie farinaceous industriousness, consider the intentness madcap forces and key success factors, and examine Nineteens native situation and recent financial carrying into action.The case also allows students to understand how pore specialism strategies be capable of yielding above- average profit margins without a reliance on premium pricing. The case also allows students to understand the appeal of Nineteens Blue Ocean strategy and observe how the follow has turned a first mover wages into what appears to be a sustainable advantage. This instruction stemma reflects the thinking and compendium of the case authors, Professor Lou Marino and Sally Garrett, both of the University of Alabama.We are most grateful for their insight, synopsis and contri notwithstandingions to how the case push aside be taught successfully. 717 718 Case 12 Nineteens Strategy for the WI-? right(a) Enough to Beat Oxbow 360 and Plantat ion 3? Finally, the cases strong closing focus allows students to consider what Nintendo must do next to ultimately win the battle among next genesis tv set support storage lockers. To give students guidance in what to do and think about in preparing theNintendo case for clear discussion, we strongly recommend providing degree members with a set of get hold of questions and insisting that they frame good strains/answers to these questions in preparing for class discussion of the case. To facilitate your use of study questions and making them available to students, we fix stick on a file of the Assignment Questions contained in this t for each oneing note for Nintendo on the student section of the publishers Online Learning Center for the seventeenth interlingual rendition (www. Meme. Com/Thompson). You should be aware that there is a set of study questions posted in the student LLC for each of the 26 cases included in the 17th edition. ) In our experience, it is quite difficult to confirm an insightful and constructive class discussion of an assigned case un slight students have conscientiously have do use AT pertinent core concepts Ana analytical tools In preparing flamboyant answers to a set of well-conceived study questions before they come to class. In our classes, we anticipate students to bring their notes to the study questions to use/refer to in responding to the questions that we pose.Moreover, students often take care having a set of study questions is useful in helping them prepare unwritten team presentations and Ritter case assignments-?in addition to whatever guiding questions you supply for these assignments. Hence, we urge that you insist students spend quality time preparing answers to study questions-? either those we have provided or a set of your own questions. on that point is a 248 second tv set that accompanies this case that discusses how the WI has grow the merchandise for telly gamys by appealing to non-tradi tional risquers.It is best to show the pictorial matter at the actually beginning of the class discussion. The case can be use effectively for a written assignment or oral presentation. Our recommended questions for written assignments are as follows 1. You have recently been hired by Nintendo of America as an analyst and have been assigned to its WI strategy group. During your first meeting with the strategy group, the team leader asked that you prepare an epitome of the flick post console persistence for distribution at the next meeting.Please prepare a 5-6 page report that includes a description of the assiduity dominant business and economic characteristics, evaluates challenger in the industriousness, assesses industry capricious forces, and lists industry key success factors. Your report should also include a tragic group map of the entire video lame industry and proper(postnominal) strategy recommendations that will allow the WI to remain the leading next generati on console. 2. As a newly hired Nintendo of America retail representative, you have been asked to Join a cross functional strategy group.The groups charge from speed level management is to make a set of recommendations designed to that solidify the callers number-one ranking in the industry. Your recommendations to upper management should be in the form of a 2 3 page executive thickset and must be supported with a complete industry analysis, company situation analysis, and uncial analysis. Each recommendation should be supported by your analyses and must clearly specify what subdivisions of your analysis led to your conclusions.The exhibits, tables and figures used in your analysis should be attached to your executive summary and carry an gibe weight in determining your grade for the assignment. ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS 1 . What are the defining business and economic characteristics of the video spunky console industry? What is the industry like? 2 want Is aspiration Like In te n peeve gritty console Industry DOD Twelve-Tortes analysis to support your answer. Which of the five competitive forces is strongest? Which is shoddyest?Would you characterize the overall strength of competition in video secret plan consoles as fierce, strong, moderate to normal or lite? Why? Crafting & Executing Strategy 17th Edition 3. What forces are driving changes in the video play console industry? ar these driving forces acting to make the industry more or slight competitively intense? Are the driving forces acting to make the industry more or less advantageous in future years? 4. What 3-5 key factors determine the success of video racy console developers like Nintendo? 5. What is Nineteens strategy?Which of the five generic strategies discussed in Chapter 5 is Nintendo using? What are some of the recent offensive and/or vindicatory strategies that Nintendo has employed? accept these tactics been successful? 6. Is it fair to characterize Nineteens introduction of t he WI as a blue ocean strategy? Why or why not? 7. How well is Nineteens strategy working in terms of the financial performance it is delivering? Should shareholders be pleased? Why or why not? What 2-3 weaknesses do you see in Nineteens financial performance? 8. What does a SOOT analysis reveal about the attractiveness of Nineteens overall taxation?Is the companys competitive speckle as solid as top management seems to believe? Does the company have a competitive advantage? If so, what is the basis for this competitive advantage and is the advantage sustainable? 9. What does a competitive strength assessment (as per the methodology in Table 4. 4 of Chapter 4) reveal about whether Nintendo has a competitive advantage? 10. What recommendations would you make to Nintendo to improve its competitiveness in the video game console industry and to maintain its favorable positioning visit--visit Microsoft and Sony?TEACHING dodging AND ANALYSIS . What are the defining business and economi c characteristics of the video game console industry? What is the industry like? Students should be able to depict the following business and economic characteristics of the console segment of the video game industry v Economies AT surpass competitors In ten Industry are immense Ana conclave cost advantages by producing long quantities. However, both Sony and Microsoft have traditionally operated at a loss in luck due to heavy investments into research and learning. Product innovation Competitors win market share from rivals by developing arduous that are expertly outstanding and more powerful than the products offered by rivals. New products often contain scientific break by dint ofs such as advanced fine art or synergistic motion-sensitive dominances as the basis for competition. V Degree of product differentiation Products in the market are becoming more and more more differentiated. Some products offer high school definition graphics and play DVDs while others offe r controllers with motion sensors to basically change the way gamers play and interact with the game. Scope of competitive rivalry Competition occurs on a global scale to help excoriation research and reading be while driving revenues. For the largest competitors, non-American sales bank bill for the majority of worldwide sales with the exception of Oxbow v Segmentation The industry was segmented into console hardware, console bundle, handheld hardware, handheld software, PC software, online games, interactive TV, and wandering phone games. V Market coat The total size of the global video game industry exceeded 69 million units change in 2008. 19 720 Students should further happen upon the following as valuable attributes of the industry v Entry/Exit barriers. Barriers to entry were all but insurmountable. Successful new entrants were required to have sufficient capital and technological capabilities to develop sophisticated game hardware systems capable of performing pa ssing complex calculations. Other barriers to entry included the establishment of an installed behind of sufficient size to provide an adequate incentive for independent software developers to create games for a new game system. Scope of rivalry. Rivalry in the industry could be considered global, with the three largest sellers of game systems competing against each other in all world arrest. Competition exists on the basis of technologically-advanced and unique v scale economies. Economies AT scale were needful to Keep game system Ana helping development expenses at acceptable per unit levels. Next generation game system and component development costs were so high that analysts believed Sony and Microsoft consistently operated at a loss. V Consumer characteristics.While typical gamers could be thought to have demographic characteristics of being young and male, a new trend is acclivitous whereby traditional non-gamers are now potential consumers. This has expanded nonuser cha racteristics to include a wider array of ages along with male and female consumers. 2. What is competition like in the video game console industry? Do a five-forces analysis to support your answer. Which of the five competitive forces is strongest? Which is weakest? Would you characterize the overall strength of competition in video game consoles as fierce, strong, moderate to normal or weak? Why?Substitutes for Video Game Systems Competitive pressures coming from the market attempts of outsiders to win buyers over to their product s Suppliers of Raw Materials and other inputs used in the Manufacturing f Video Game Consoles Competitive pressures stemming from supplier-seller collaboration and carry on Rivalry among Competing Video Game System Sellers Competitive pressures created by the Jockeying of rival sellers for better market position and competitive advantage seller-buyer collaboration and talk terms Buyers of Video Game Systems Competitive pressures coming from the terro r of entry of new rival s Potential New Entrants Into ten Vivo Game console Industry v The bargaining power and leverage of buyers a weak competitive force Big box electronics stock and discount store buyers had relatively little leverage in estimations with sellers of video game consoles. Consumers judge retailers to carry the three leading brands of consoles and the top two brands of handheld games.A decision by retailers not to carry the leading brands of game consoles would negatively feign the retailers image with consumers. Students may suspect that manufacturers had uniform pricing for retailers, regardless of size, because of the exchangeable retail prices of game consoles. V The bargaining power and leverage of suppliers a moderately strong competitive force Students will easily leave off that suppliers of microprocessors and graphics recessing units (Spins) had a moderate degree of leverage with console manufacturers because of the collaborative development process utilized in the industry. Console makers were unable to hash out between sellers of core components, since microprocessors and Spins were specifically designed for a system.Students can rightfully argue that video game console producers did have the ability to negotiate terms with components manufacturers prior to the development of a next generation system. V Competition from substitutes a moderately strong competitive force in that respect were many recreation and fun substitutes to video games. Video gamers could engage in outdoor sports or other activities or find entertainment inside by watching television, reading, listening to music, surfing the Internet, playing board games, or playing a musical instrument. However, the interactive nature of video games was very thought-provoking for many young people and older gamers. Students should point out that other gaming platforms such as PC games, handheld games and mobile phone games were also substitutes for console-based vid eo games. Threat of entry a weak competitive force Entry barriers that include considerable console development costs, advanced genealogical skills, a sizeable installed base of game consoles, game software development costs, volume guarantees to suppliers of key components and access to retailers make the threat of entry weak. The most likely new entrants would be established electronic computer technology companies such as Apple. V Rivalry among competing video game console producers a fierce competitive Torte Students should conclude that rivalry among competing sellers is fierce. Competition between Nintendo, Sony and Microsoft centers primarily on the technological capabilities of the consoles and having a wide smorgasbord of appealing name titles developed either internally or through partnerships with independent game developers. The intensity of competition had driven console development and production costs to more than $800 per unit for the Plantation 3.A third competi tive weapon utilized by console makers was aggressive pricing, which resulted in a loss of more than $300 per unit on every Plantation 3 sold. Microsofts Oxbow 360 pricing was also believed to be below its production costs. Nintendo had elect not to compete aggressively on technological capabilities when developing the WI and has take in refits on the sales of WI units. Overall Assessment Students should conclude that the video game industry is only modestly attractive when looking at the console segment. The greatest percentage of industry profits seemed to generate from the sale of game software and peripherals. Students may compare the video game business to the razor/razor blade industry, whereby razors are sold at a loss or breakable and blades carry high margins.The development of a large installed base of console systems is essential to earning substantial profits from the sale of game software over the lifespan of a console. in that respectfore, students should recognize t hat the video game industry requires patience on the part of participants to see profits from their investments in next generation technology. 721 722 3. What forces are driving changes in the video game console industry? Are these driving forces acting to make the industry more or less competitively intense? Are the driving forces acting to make the industry more or less profitable in future years? Driving forces that students should be able to identify include v Product innovation.Students should note that since the beginning of the died game industry, each new generation of video game consoles has been dramatically more technologically advanced than prior generations. technical advancements have included better graphics (I. E. , high definition) and motion sensor controllers. V Emergence of new video game devices. Students will comment on the emergence of new video game devices such as mobile phones, Pods, and other handheld devices. V Emergence AT Internet-Dates peeve games. Beg inning wilt ten Good Ana Play 2, game consoles were capable of connecting to the Internet to play Internet-based game software or multilayer games. Societal trends.Changes in societal trends influence the disposable income of consumers to buy consoles. The industry is said to be resilient to recession. Changes in demographic groups present an opportunity in untapped market segments. V Changing consumers. There has been a change in the target audience for video game console industry competitors with the introduction of Nineteens WI. Incumbents are likely to take note of this new segment. Students should conclude that the individual and collective effect of industry driving forces will drive development costs higher-?making the industry less attractive for new entrants and increasing the number of unit sales obligatory for current console makers to achieve breakable.Students could make the argument that, as development and production costs continue to climb, consoles must evolve into central entertainment hubs that all consumers would like to have in their homes to achieve sales volumes necessary to support profitability. In addition, students may suggest that the cost of developing handheld systems will likely rise as features are added to defend against game features included on wireless telephones and pod- type devices. 4. What 3-5 key factors determine the success of video game console developers like Nintendo? Students should identify several factors that are necessary for competitive success in the console segment of the video game industry to include the following v Large installed base.Students should be able to argue successfully that the development of a large installed base is the most important factor related to success in the console segment of the video game industry. A limited selection of game titles reduced consumer interest in the console-?regardless of its technological capabilities. V Technological capabilities. Video game console makers wer e required to develop next generation consoles that could fully exploit the capabilities of the latest microprocessors and Spins. Traditional gamers seemed most interested in games with realistic graphics. Nineteens WI did not have the graphics rendering capabilities of the Plantation 3 or Oxbow 360, but did include a highly innovative and technologically advanced wireless game controller. Partnerships with independent software developers. The availability of intriguing game titles was essential to expression an installed base and earning residual pronto dress game sales. Strategy 17th Edition rattling & Executing v Acceptable development and production costs. Development costs and production costs increased as each new generation of game console became more technologically advanced. The cost to develop microprocessors and Spins capable of performing increasingly complex instruction sets and the cost of innovative components such as Sonnys Blue-Ray HAD ocular drive had caused the cost of each Plantation 3 unit to pass from $805 to $840.The Plantation gs retail price caused Sony to lose as much as $305 per unit, which increased the volume of game software that must be sold to make the business unit profitable. Access to distribution. Students should determine without much impediment that access to retail distribution through big box electronics stores and large discount stores such as Wall-Mart and Target are essential to make uping an installed base. Chapter 5 is Nintendo using? What are some of the recent offensive and/ or Students should identify a firms competitive strategy as being have-to doe with with the specific game plan management uses to compete successfully and to proficient a competitive advantage over its rivals.This requires that a firm out-compete its rivals by doing a better Job of satisfying buyer needs and preferences. Companies can employ one of five generic strategies or some junto thereof to beat its rivals. Those generic strateg ies include the following overall low-priced provider strategy, extensive differentiation strategy, focused low-cost strategy, focused differentiation strategy and best-cost provider strategy. Students may find that Nintendo is using a broad differentiation strategy, which involves competing by being unique in ways that are valuable to a wide range of customers. Nineteens WI utilizes a game controller that is highly interactive by incorporating motion sensors.As such, Nintendo has successfully built a competitive advantage by incorporating features that enhance buyer satisfaction in uneconomic or intangible ways, which is one of the four ways to build a competitive advantage with a broad differentiation strategy. Nineteens broad differentiation strategic approach has been successful since technological breakthroughs are a critical success factor in the industry. Additionally, Nineteens recent offensive and defensive strategies have helped the company successfully implement its str ategy. A core element of Nineteens offensive strategy involved changing the markets perception of WI by offer a very different gaming

Captivity Narratives - Our Nig and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson

incarceration Narratives - Our Nig and Restauration of Mrs. bloody shame Rowlandson Our Nig or Sketches from the life of a Free Black and A Narrative of the Captivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson Harriet Wilsons and Mary Rowlandsons captivity narratives have threesome things in common. First, they have a groundwork of sustaining faith in theology throughout their trials. Secondly, they portray their captors as mortifys. Finally, they all demonstrate the isolation matte up by the prisoner. Our Nig or, Sketches from the Life of a Free Black by Harriet Wilson is the story of a Northern girl, born into an interracial family and later abandoned by her parents, forcing her to become the servant of the Bellmont Household. After Mary, Mrs. Bellmonts daughter falls into a stream, Frado must endure a horrific overcome by twain women. No sooner was he out of sight than Mrs. B. and Mary commenced beating her unhumanly, then propping her mouth open with a piece of wood, shut her up in a dark room, without any supper. (Wilson, 34-35). Yet Frado is able to continually endure the wrath and violence of Mrs. Bellmont. But, Frado, if you will be a great girl, and love and serve God, it will be but a short circuit time before we are in a heavenly al-Qaida together. There will never be any sickness or sorrow there. (Wilson, 95). As she is continually tortured, Frado finds salvation through her faith, thus allowing her to survive. Mary Rowlandsons A Narrative of the Captivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson displays this same theme as well. The Narragansett Indians took Rowlandson and her children captive. All was gone, my Husband gone (at least separated from me, he being in the Bay, and to add to my grief, the Indians told me they ... ...ile Wilsons novel exposed the savage treatment of free blacks in the North prior to the civil war. working Cited American Authors. http//www.gonzaga.edu/faculty/campbell/enl311/aufram.html (October 28, 1999). Harriss, Sharon M. Introduction to Mary Rowlandson. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. capital of Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin, 1988. Lauter, capital of Minnesota, Ed. 340-342. Rowlandson, Mary. A Narrative of the Captivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. Boston Houghton Mifflin, 1983. 343-366. Wilson, Harriet. Our Nig or Sketches from the life of a Free Black. New York vintage Books, 1983. In a captivity narrative a single individual, usually a woman, stands passively under the strokes of evil, awaiting rescue by the grace of God. Richard Slotkin.